2) The value of 5 basis points on a 5 year bond is less than 5 basis points on a 30 year bond.
3)The statement " A robust economy would generally push long term interest rates higher" is False
2) A basis point (BPS) is 1/100th of a percentage point or 0.01%.
The value of 5 basis points on a 5 year bond is less than 5 basis points on a 30 year bond. The value of 5 basis points on a 5 year bond is 0.05% of the bond price, while the value of 5 basis points on a 30 year bond is 0.15% of the bond price.
So, 5 basis points on a 30 year bond is worth more than on a 5 year bond.
3) The robust economy is generally associated with higher long-term interest rates. When the economy is strong, the Federal Reserve tends to increase short-term rates to prevent inflation, which leads to higher long-term interest rates.
Therefore, the statement "A robust economy would generally push long-term interest rates lower" is false.
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C) The price of a stock on 1 st of August is $59. A trader buys 100 call options on the stock with a strike price of $67 when the option price is $1.50. The options are exercised when the stock price is $71. What is the trader's net profit/loss?
The trader's net profit is $250.
To calculate the trader's net profit/loss, we need to consider the cost of buying the call options and the payoff from exercising them.
The cost of buying 100 call options at $1.50 each is: 100 * $1.50 = $150.
When the stock price is $71 and the options are exercised, the trader can buy the stock at the strike price of $67 and sell it at the market price of $71. The profit per option is the difference between the stock price and the strike price: $71 - $67 = $4.
Since the trader has 100 call options, the total profit from exercising the options is: 100 * $4 = $400.
To calculate the net profit/loss, we subtract the initial cost of buying the options from the profit from exercising them:
Net Profit/Loss = Profit from Exercising Options - Cost of Buying Options
= $400 - $150
= $250
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It is April 7, 2014. The quoted price of a US government bond with a 8% per annum coupon (paid semiannually) is 120-00. The bond matures on July 27,2023 . What is the cash price? How does your answer change if it is a corporate bond?
The cash price of the US government bond is $2640.
The cash price of a bond is the price that an investor actually pays to purchase the bond. To calculate the cash price of a bond, we need to take into account the quoted price and the accrued interest.
For the given US government bond with an 8% per annum coupon rate, paid semiannually, and a maturity date of July 27, 2023, the quoted price is 120-00.
To calculate the cash price, we need to determine the accrued interest up to the settlement date, which is April 7, 2014. Since the coupon is paid semiannually, we need to calculate the number of coupon periods that have passed since the last payment on January 27, 2014.
First, let's determine the coupon payment amount:
Coupon payment amount = (Coupon rate / 2) * Face value
= (8% / 2) * $1000
= $40
Next, let's calculate the number of coupon periods that have passed:
Number of coupon periods = Number of years * Number of coupon payments per year
= (2014 - 2023) * 2
= 18 * 2
= 36
The accrued interest is the sum of the coupon payments for the number of coupon periods that have passed:
Accrued interest = Coupon payment amount * Number of coupon periods
= $40 * 36
= $1440
Now, let's calculate the cash price by adding the accrued interest to the quoted price:
Cash price = Quoted price + Accrued interest
= $1200 + $1440
= $2640
Therefore, the cash price of the US government bond is $2640.
If the bond were a corporate bond instead, the calculation for the cash price would be the same. However, corporate bonds may have different coupon rates and payment frequencies, and the quoted prices may also vary. It is important to consider the specific details of the corporate bond in question to calculate its cash price accurately.
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Required information Exercise 13-8 (Static) Analyzing and interpreting liquidity LO P3 [Alternate Version] [The following information applies to the questions displayed below] Simon Company's year-end balance sheets follow. The company's income statements for the current year and one year ago follow. Assume that all sales are on credit: (1-a) Compute days' sales uncollected. (1-b) For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Compute days' sales uncollected. (1-a) Compute days' sales uncollected. (1-b) For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. (2-a) Compute accounts receivable turnover. (2-b) For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Compute accounts receivable turnover. (2-a) Compute accounts receivable turnover. (2-b) For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. (3-a) Compute inventory turnover. (3-b) For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Compute inventory turnover. (3-a) Compute inventory turnover. (3-b) For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. (4-a) Compute days' sales in inventory. (4-b) For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Compute days' sales in inventory. (4-a) Compute days' sales in inventory. (4-b) For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. For each ratio, determine if it improved or worsened in the current year.
Simon Company has a days' sales uncollected ratio of approximately 3 days, an accounts receivable turnover of 8.8, an inventory turnover of 6.2, and a days' sales in the inventory of 59 days.
Days of sales uncollected are calculated to check how long it takes for a company to collect payments for goods sold on credit. To calculate this ratio, accounts receivable should be divided by the average daily credit sales. It is essential to note that we can use either the entire sales or the credit sales only to calculate days' sales uncollected.Simon Company is a small retail store. To examine its liquidity, we use the following financial ratios: accounts receivable turnover, inventory turnover, and days' sales in inventory. According to the provided data, accounts receivable for the current year is $187,000. The average daily credit sales for the current year can be calculated as (sales for the year 2021 - sales for the year 2020) / 365 = ($1,647,000 - $1,584,000) / 365 = $63,013.7. Now, the days' sales uncollected ratio can be calculated as follows: days' sales uncollected = accounts receivable/average daily credit sales = $187,000 / $63,013.7 = 2.97 or approximately 3 days. Therefore, Simon Company collects credit sales in approximately three days. The accounts receivable turnover ratio is another essential financial ratio. It is used to evaluate how efficiently a business collects its accounts receivable. It is calculated as net sales / average accounts receivable. For Simon Company, the accounts receivable turnover for the current year is 8.8. Since the accounts receivable turnover is higher than that of the previous year, the company's ability to collect its accounts receivable has improved. The inventory turnover ratio is computed to assess how quickly a business can sell its inventory. The inventory turnover for Simon Company is 6.2, indicating that it turns over its inventory 6.2 times annually. Lastly, days' sales in inventory are calculated to find out how long a company holds its inventory before selling it. The formula to calculate this ratio is 365 days/inventory turnover. Therefore, the days' sales in inventory for Simon Company is 59 days. As a result, Simon Company holds its inventory for approximately 59 days before selling it.For more questions on inventory
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Coca-cola aired its TV commercial during the season premiere of Detective Drake. Subsequently, it also aired the commercial during the following program, which was a reality show. A certain percentage of people viewed both programs and were exposed to the ad twice. This overlap is referred to as
The overlap of people who viewed both the season premiere of Detective Drake and the reality show, and were exposed to the Coca-Cola ad twice, is referred to as "frequency overlap" or "duplicated reach."
This term describes the portion of the audience that was reached multiple times with the same advertisement. In this case, it means that some viewers saw the commercial during both programs, resulting in repeated exposure to the ad.
By targeting different programs, Coca-Cola aimed to maximize its reach and increase brand awareness among the audience. This frequency overlap is a common strategy used in advertising to reinforce the message and enhance the impact of the advertisement on the viewers.
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Given that Aurora isn’t publicly listed, briefly explain
how its management could create a perfectly hedged position by
using stocks and call options.
Aurora's management can create a perfectly hedged position by combining ownership of stocks and call options. This strategy allows them to offset potential gains or losses on the stock position with corresponding movements in the value of the call options.
To create a perfectly hedged position, Aurora's management can use a combination of stocks and call options. Here's how they can achieve it:
1. Stocks: Aurora's management can acquire a certain number of shares of the company's stock. Owning the stock provides exposure to its price movements.
2. Call Options: In addition to owning the stock, management can purchase call options on the same stock. A call option gives the holder the right to buy the underlying stock at a specified price (strike price) within a specific timeframe.
By combining the ownership of stocks and call options, Aurora's management can create a perfectly hedged position. Here's how it works:
- If the stock price increases: The value of the stocks will increase, resulting in a gain. At the same time, the call options will also increase in value, offsetting any potential losses on the stock position.
- If the stock price decreases: The value of the stocks will decrease, resulting in a loss. However, the call options will decrease in value as well, compensating for the loss on the stock position.
By having both the stock and the call options, any gains or losses on one position will be offset by the other position, effectively creating a hedge against price movements.
It's important to note that creating a perfectly hedged position requires careful analysis and consideration of factors such as the number of shares, strike price of the options, expiration date, and market conditions. The goal is to design the hedge in such a way that the overall position remains relatively neutral to price fluctuations.
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"What is the Portfolio Beta if you hold positions in the following stocks displayed in this format (Current price per share, # of shares in our portfolio, Beta for each stock) (FIN340 Company $25.00, 500 shares, 0.80 Beta); (ABC Company $30.00, 600 shares, 1.30 Beta); (DEF Company $14.50, 1,100 shares, 2.10 Beta); and (XYZ Company $84.00, 125 shares, 1.60 Beta);" 1.47 1.86 1.52 1.36 1.45 1.00 Insufficient data provided to calculate this statistic
The Portfolio Beta, if you hold positions in the given stocks, is 1.47.
A portfolio's beta measures the volatility of its returns in comparison to the overall market. It is a risk measure that examines how much the returns on a portfolio change in relation to the overall market. A beta of 1.0 indicates that a portfolio's returns fluctuate in line with the market. If a portfolio has a beta of less than 1.0, it is regarded to be less volatile than the market, whereas a portfolio with a beta of more than 1.0 is regarded to be more volatile than the market. When calculating a portfolio's beta, the beta of each security in the portfolio is weighted by its proportion in the portfolio.
Using the formula, we can calculate the Portfolio Beta as follows:
Portfolio Beta = SUM(Wi x Bi), where Wi is the weight of the security in the portfolio, and Bi is the beta of the security.
Using the values given, we can calculate the Portfolio Beta as follows:
Portfolio Beta = [(500 x 0.8) + (600 x 1.3) + (1,100 x 2.1) + (125 x 1.6)] / (500 + 600 + 1,100 + 125)= 1.47
Therefore, the answer is 1.47.
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The company has net income for the year of $110,000. The balance in Retained Earnings at the beginning of the year is $70,000. The company declared dividends of $50,000 during the year. What is the ending balance in Retained Earnings?
Hint: you may find it helpful to use a t-account as you work through this question.
1. $60,000
2. $130,000
3. $10,000
4 $180,000
The ending balance in Retained Earnings is $130,000.
To determine the ending balance in Retained Earnings, we need to consider the net income for the year, the beginning balance in Retained Earnings, and the dividends declared.
Using a t-account format:
Retained Earnings
Beginning Balance: $70,000
Net Income: +$110,000
Dividends: - $50,000
-----------------------
Ending Balance: $130,000
Starting with the beginning balance of $70,000, we add the net income of $110,000 and subtract the dividends of $50,000. This gives us an ending balance of $130,000 in Retained Earnings.
The ending balance in Retained Earnings is $130,000. This represents the accumulated profits of the company after considering the net income for the year and the dividends declared. Retained Earnings is an important component of shareholders' equity and reflects the amount of earnings retained within the company for future growth and investment.
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what is the average annual rainfall in new york city
The average annual rainfall in New York City is approximately 49.7 inches. Rainfall is precipitation that happens in the form of droplets of water falling from clouds.
Rain is one of the most important natural phenomena as it is the main source of fresh water supply for plants, animals, and humans. The amount of rainfall varies from one place to another depending on various factors such as temperature, air pressure, altitude, latitude, wind, etc.
The average annual rainfall in New York City is around 49.7 inches. It is important to note that the rainfall in New York City is spread throughout the year, with the wettest months being May and June. The driest month is February, with an average rainfall of 3.11 inches. In general, New York City experiences a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cold winters.
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What is branding? Why are brands so important to firms? Please name some famous brands you know and explain how branding matters in their context. What are global brands? Why are they important? Are global brands superior to store/private label brands? Why or why not? Explain with suitable examples.
Branding refers to the process of creating a unique and recognizable identity for a product, service, or company. Brands are crucial to firms because they help differentiate their offerings from competitors, build customer loyalty, and establish a positive reputation.
Brands play a crucial role in the success of firms. They represent the perception and reputation of a company, product, or service in the minds of consumers. Brands help firms differentiate themselves from competitors by conveying unique attributes, values, and benefits. They build trust and credibility with customers, leading to increased loyalty, repeat purchases, and positive word-of-mouth.
Famous brands like Apple, Nike, and Coca-Cola demonstrate the power of branding. Apple has successfully positioned itself as a symbol of innovation, sleek design, and user-friendly technology. Nike is known for its association with sports, athleticism, and empowerment. Coca-Cola has created a strong emotional connection with consumers through its timeless branding and marketing campaigns. These brands have cultivated a loyal customer base and have become synonymous with their respective industries.
Whether global brands are superior to store/private label brands depends on various factors such as consumer preferences, pricing, and market positioning. Global brands have a wider reach and often enjoy higher brand equity, while store/private label brands provide alternatives that are competitively priced and offer customization. Both types of brands can coexist and cater to different segments of consumers.
For example, Starbucks is a global brand known for its premium coffee experience. It has built a strong global presence and commands a loyal customer base. On the other hand, Trader Joe's is a store brand known for its unique product selection, affordability, and private label offerings. Both brands have successfully carved out their respective positions in the market and cater to different consumer needs.
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Athens, Inc has a credit rating of A and wants to issue 15-year bonds at par value. If the 15-year Treasury bond has a YTM of 4.97% and the credit spread for Single A debt over Treasuries is 5.33%, what coupon rate should Athens select? Enter your answer as a decimal and show four decimal places. For example, if your answer is 5.25%, enter .0525.
The coupon rate Athens, Inc. should select is 0.0533. for its 15-year bonds.
To determine the coupon rate that Athens, Inc. should select for its 15-year bonds, we need to calculate the yield spread over Treasuries and add it to the yield on the 15-year Treasury bond.
The yield spread for Single A debt over Treasuries is given as 5.33%. The 15-year Treasury bond has a yield to maturity (YTM) of 4.97%.
To find the credit spread, we subtract the YTM of the 15-year Treasury bond from the given spread:
Credit Spread = 5.33% - 4.97% = 0.36%
Next, we add the credit spread to the YTM of the 15-year Treasury bond to obtain the required coupon rate:
Coupon Rate = 4.97% + 0.36% = 5.33%
Therefore, Athens, Inc. should select a coupon rate of 0.0533 (or 5.33%) for its 15-year bonds.
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Measures of _____ focus on an organization's people and
infrastructure. Group of answer choices goods and service design
flexibility customer and market service quality innovation and
learning
The answer is innovation and learning.
Measures of innovation and learning focus on an organization's people and infrastructure because these are the two key factors that contribute to innovation and learning.
People: The people in an organization are the ones who come up with new ideas and who learn from their experiences. An organization that wants to be innovative and learning needs to have a workforce that is creative, curious, and open to new ideas.
Infrastructure: The infrastructure of an organization includes the systems and processes that support innovation and learning. For example, an organization needs to have a system for capturing and sharing knowledge, and it needs to have a process for encouraging and rewarding innovation.
Here are some specific measures of innovation and learning that focus on an organization's people and infrastructure:
Number of patents filed: This is a measure of the organization's ability to come up with new ideas.
Number of new products or services launched: This is a measure of the organization's ability to turn new ideas into successful products or services.
Employee satisfaction: This is a measure of the organization's ability to create a culture that is supportive of innovation and learning.
Training hours per employee: This is a measure of the organization's investment in employee development.
Overall, measures of innovation and learning focus on an organization's people and infrastructure because these are the two key factors that contribute to innovation and learning.
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If the current interest rate on a 1-year bond is 3.70% while market participants expect a 1-year interest rate of 3.10% next year, then the expectations theory predicts that the interest rate on a 2-year bond will be ____%: Give your answer with 2 decimals and no % or $ sign. Ex: 5.2% should be written as 5.20
The interest rate on a 2-year bond is predicted to be 3.
the expectations theory predicts that the interest rate on a 2-year bond will be 3.30%.
the expectations theory suggests that long-term interest rates are the average of short-term interest rates expected in the future. since the 1-year interest rate is currently 3.70% and the expected 1-year interest rate next year is 3.10%, the average of these rates would be (3.70% + 3.10%) / 2 = 3.40%. 40%.the expectations theory in finance posits that long-term interest rates are determined by the market's expectations of future short-term interest rates. according to this theory, the interest rate on a longer-term bond should be equal to the average of the expected short-term interest rates over the bond's maturity.
in the given scenario, the current interest rate on a 1-year bond is 3.70%, while market participants expect a 1-year interest rate of 3.10% next year. applying the expectations theory, we calculate the average of these two rates: (3.70% + 3.10%) / 2 = 3.40%.
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barbara invested in the japanese stock market this year. Even if the Japanese stock market does not increase in value, Barbara could have a positive return if the Japanese yen depreciates barbara will definitely have a higher return than she would have had if she only invested in US stocks because she will benefit from diversification barbara could have a positive return if the Japanese yen appreciates the volatility of barbaras portfolio will be higher than if she had just invested in US stocks because she is now diversified
By investing in the Japanese stock market, Barbara could potentially achieve a positive return through currency exchange rate fluctuations and benefit from diversification. However, it is essential to consider the risks and volatility associated with investing in foreign markets.
Barbara's investment in the Japanese stock market can result in a positive return even if the market does not increase in value. This is because Barbara could benefit from the depreciation of the Japanese yen. Let's break this down step-by-step:
1. Diversification: By investing in the Japanese stock market, Barbara is diversifying her portfolio. Diversification means spreading investments across different assets or markets to reduce risk. If she only invested in US stocks, her returns would be solely dependent on the performance of the US stock market. However, by including Japanese stocks, Barbara can potentially mitigate the risk associated with investing in a single market.
2. Japanese yen depreciation: If the Japanese yen depreciates against the US dollar, Barbara would experience a positive return. This is because when she converts her Japanese stocks back into US dollars, she would receive more US dollars than what she initially invested. This exchange rate advantage can boost her overall return.
3. Volatility: It is important to note that by investing in the Japanese stock market, Barbara's portfolio would become more volatile compared to solely investing in US stocks. This is due to the fact that different markets have their own unique risks and fluctuations. However, diversification can help to offset some of this volatility.
In summary, by investing in the Japanese stock market, Barbara could potentially achieve a positive return through currency exchange rate fluctuations and benefit from diversification.
However, it is essential to consider the risks and volatility associated with investing in foreign markets.
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The ‘go to market’ strategy represents the generic direction a company should follow in order to accomplish a specific business objective. It shows the "road map" to achieving greater results, such as sales growth, worldwide brand recognition, and higher market penetration. Many business owners, however, fail to see the benefits of incorporating business strategy in the overall strategic business process in a bid to attain a competitive advantage. It is the backbone within a well-crafted strategic plan, which provides the business with focus and direction by identifying the best opportunities worth pursuing as well as the threats to be avoided. Thus, well before formulation of such strategies, the company has to situate itself on the market and may conduct what is called a "situational analysis", "environmental scanning" or simply a "marketing audit". (Inspired from Michael Baicoianu, Contributor,brandUNIQ: Your Guide to Strategic Management: http://branduniq.com/about-this-brand-management-blog/ [Accessed on 18 February 2019]) Based on the extract above, answer the following: (a) From the extract, it could be inferred that strategies are imperative within any business plan but they are crafted only after conducting the environmental scanning. Define "environmental scanning" and briefly discuss the different layers of the environment that is required to be scanned before formulation of the strategies. (15 marks) (b) Strategies are devised within the perspective of Strategic Management, which normally follows a three-stage process. Discuss the three stages of Strategic Management that the firm has to follow to complete the above process. (15 marks) (c) Define and provide an understanding of the term ‘competitive advantage’. (5 marks) (d) To win a competitive advantage, the firm may formulate its strategies on three generic orientations. Using relevant examples, discuss the generic strategies proposed by Michael Porter, which could help achieve a competitive advantage. (15 marks)
Strategies are crucial in business planning and are developed after conducting environmental scanning, while competitive advantage can be achieved through cost leadership, differentiation, or focus strategies.
(a) Environmental scanning refers to the process of analyzing and monitoring the external factors and trends that can impact a business. The different layers of the environment that need to be scanned include the macro environment (economic, political, technological factors), industry environment (competitors, suppliers, customers), and internal environment (organizational strengths, weaknesses, resources).
(b) The three stages of Strategic Management are: formulation (developing strategies), implementation (executing strategies), and evaluation (assessing strategy effectiveness). Formulation involves setting objectives, analyzing the internal and external environment, and generating strategic alternatives. Implementation focuses on resource allocation, organizational structure, and aligning activities with the chosen strategies. Evaluation involves measuring performance, comparing against objectives, and making adjustments as needed.
(c) Competitive advantage refers to the unique attributes or capabilities of a firm that allow it to outperform its competitors and achieve superior performance. It can arise from factors such as cost leadership, differentiation, innovation, or a niche market focus.
(d) Michael Porter proposed three generic strategies for achieving competitive advantage: cost leadership (being the low-cost producer), differentiation (offering unique and valuable products/services), and focus (targeting a specific market segment or niche). Examples include Walmart's cost leadership through operational efficiency, Apple's differentiation through design and innovation, and Tesla's focus on the electric vehicle market.
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Suppose You Purchase A 30 -Year Government Of Canada Bond With A 5% Annual Coupon, Initially Trading At Par. In 10 Years' Time, The Bond's Yield To Maturity Has Changed To 7% (EAR). (Assume $100 Face Value Bond.) A. If You Sell The Bond Now, What Internal Rate Of Return Will You Have Earned On Your Investment In The Bond? B. If Instead You Hold The Bond To
The required answer is the -
A. the discount rate that sets the NPV to zero
B. the bond's yield to maturity is 7%.
A. To calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) on your investment in the bond, to consider the cash flows from purchasing and selling the bond.
Step 1: Determine the cash flows:
- When you purchase the bond, you receive the coupon payments of 5% annually for 30 years.
- When you sell the bond after 10 years, you receive the face value of $100.
Step 2: Calculate the present value of the cash flows:
- Calculate the present value of the coupon payments for 30 years using the bond's yield to maturity of 5%. This can be done using the present value of an ordinary annuity formula.
- Calculate the present value of the face value using the bond's yield to maturity of 7%. This can be done using the present value of a single sum formula.
Step 3: Calculate the IRR:
- Subtract the present value of the cash flows from the initial investment to find the net present value (NPV).
- Use a financial calculator or software to calculate the IRR, which is the discount rate that sets the NPV to zero.
B. If you hold the bond to maturity, the IRR earned on your investment will be equal to the bond's yield to maturity at that time. In this case, the bond's yield to maturity is 7%.
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The question is about calculating the internal rate of return on a government bond when the yield to maturity changes. If you sell the bond before maturity, the IRR will decrease due to a fall in the bond's market price, caused by an increase in YTM. However, if the bond is held to maturity, the IRR will remain the same as the initial coupon rate.
Explanation:In this scenario, you have purchased a 30-year bond with a 5% annual coupon for $100. After holding this bond for 10 years, the yield to maturity changes to 7%. Your Internal Rate of Return (IRR) or the yield you have earned on your investment will adjust according to the change in market rates.
The IRR can be calculated by equating the sum of present values of all future cash flows (here, the annual coupon payments and the face value of the bond at maturity) to the price of the bond.
However, in this case, as the yield to maturity (YTM) increases to 7% from the initial coupon rate of 5%, the price of the bond in the market would fall. This is because as per the basic bond valuation principle, bond prices and YTM move in opposite directions. Hence, in order to sell the bond after 10 years, you would have to sell it at a price less than the face value which results in a decrease in the IRR.
If you were to hold the bond to its maturity, notwithstanding the change in YTM in between, your IRR would be the initial coupon rate i.e., 5%, assuming that all coupon payments are reinvested at the same rate.
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When a commercial bank makes loans, it creates money; when loans are repaid, money is destroyed.
This assignment has a value of 50 points and requires elaboration and citing of your research/resources. This paper should be 1.5 -2.0 pages of 12 point font, Times Roman, Single-Spaced. While this statement is short, the analysis can be as vast as you make it. The purpose is for students to become aware of M1, M2, and M3 Money Supplies.
Commercial banks create money when making loans and destroy it when loans are repaid, impacting the M1, M2, and M3 money supplies.
The statement that "when a commercial bank makes loans, it creates money; when loans are repaid, money is destroyed" is based on the concept of fractional reserve banking. Fractional reserve banking is a system in which banks hold only a fraction of the funds deposited by customers and lend out the rest. This system allows banks to create money through the process of lending.
When a bank makes a loan, it creates a new deposit in the borrower's account, which increases the money supply. This new deposit is a liability of the bank, and the loan is an asset. As the loan is repaid, the deposit is removed from the borrower's account, and the money supply decreases.
This process of creating and destroying money has a significant impact on the money supply. The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in an economy and is divided into three categories: M1, M2, and M3.
M1 includes currency, demand deposits, and other checkable deposits. These are the most liquid forms of money and are used for transactions.
M2 includes M1 plus savings deposits, time deposits, and money market mutual funds. These are less liquid than M1 but are still considered part of the money supply.
M3 includes M2 plus large time deposits, institutional money market funds, and other large liquid assets. This is the broadest measure of the money supply.
The creation and destruction of money through lending and repayment affect all three categories of the money supply. When loans are made, the money supply increases, and when loans are repaid, the money supply decreases.
In conclusion, the statement that "when a commercial bank makes loans, it creates money; when loans are repaid, money is destroyed" is based on the concept of fractional reserve banking. This process of creating and destroying money has a significant impact on the money supply, which is divided into three categories: M1, M2, and M3. Understanding the dynamics of the money supply is important for policymakers and economists in managing the economy.
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Question 18 (10 points) A normal probability plot is used to test for 1) Normality of error terms 2) Normality of variance 3) Normality of the means 4) Normality of the regression function
A normal probability plot, also known as a quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plot, is primarily used to test the normality of error terms in a dataset. It serves to verify the assumption that the errors (residuals) in a regression model are normally distributed.
A normal probability plot compares the sorted values of a dataset (usually the residuals) to the expected values from a standard normal distribution. If the points lie roughly on a straight line, it suggests that the data is normally distributed. This is particularly important in regression analysis because many statistical tests rely on the assumption of normally distributed errors. If the errors aren't normally distributed, it may indicate issues with the regression model, such as non-linearity, heteroscedasticity, or outliers. Thus, normal probability plots play an essential role in assessing the validity of statistical models.
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Suppose you bought a call option with a strike price of $19 for $4.
What would be your profit from this option if the underlying stock
is worth $27 at option expiration?
The profit from this call option would be $4. To calculate the profit from a call option, we need to consider the strike price, the premium paid, and the value of the underlying stock at option expiration.
In this case:
- Strike price of the call option: $19
- Premium paid for the call option: $4
- Value of the underlying stock at option expiration: $27
To calculate the profit, we can use the following formula:
Profit = (Value of the Underlying Stock at Expiration - Strike Price) - Premium Paid
Let's calculate the profit:
Profit = ($27 - $19) - $4
Profit = $8 - $4
Profit = $4
Therefore, the profit from this call option would be $4.
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(Topic: Portfolio Return) An investor expects a return of 16.7% on his portfolio with a beta of 0.86. If the expected market risk premium increases from 6.1% to 8.8%, what return should he now expect on the portfolio?
(Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)
Return on portfolio = 6.63 + 5.80 Return on portfolio = 12.43 %. The return he should now expect in the portfolio is 12.43 %.
CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model)CAPM is a model that describes the relationship between risk and expected return and that is used to determine the appropriate required rate of return of an asset given that asset's non-diversifiable risk, the asset's systematic risk, or beta, and the expected risk-free rate and market return.We can use CAPM to calculate the required return of the portfolio.Return on portfolio = Rf + Beta ( Rm - Rf )Rf is the risk-free rate of return.Beta is the sensitivity of the portfolio's returns to the returns on the market portfolio. Rm is the expected market return.Rm - Rf is called the market risk premium.On solving,
Return on portfolio = 2.34 + 0.86(8.8 - 2.34)
Return on portfolio = 6.63 + 5.80
Return on portfolio = 12.43 %. Hence, the return he should now expect on the portfolio is 12.43 %.
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A basket of goods costs $3,850 in the U.S. Exact same goods basket costs €3,100 in Europe. The exchange rate is $1.26/€
What is the over/undervaluation of the USD? (percent)
B. What is the over/undervaluation of the €? (percent)
The over/undervaluation of the € is approximately 1.61%. It means that the € is overvalued by approximately 1.61%.
The given exchange rate is $1.26/€ and a basket of goods costs $3,850 in the US. So, the cost of the same goods basket in Europe is €3,100.
To find the over/undervaluation of the USD and EUR, we need to find the fair exchange rate first. We can find it as follows:
Fair exchange rate = cost of goods basket in USD / cost of goods basket in EUR
= $3,850/€3,100
= 1.24
So, the fair exchange rate is 1.24.
Now, let's find the over/undervaluation of the USD and EUR as follows:
Over/undervaluation of the USD= (fair exchange rate - actual exchange rate) / fair exchange rate x 100%
= (1.24 - 1.26) / 1.24 x 100%
≈ -1.61%
So, the over/undervaluation of the USD is approximately -1.61%.
It means that the USD is undervalued by approximately 1.61%.
Over/undervaluation of the €
= (actual exchange rate - fair exchange rate) / fair exchange rate x 100%
= (1.26 - 1.24) / 1.24 x 100%
≈ 1.61%
Hence, the answer is:
Undervaluation of the USD: 1.61%
Overvaluation of the €: 1.61%.
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Using the CAR statement and the facts below, how would you strengthen this bullet point? Student Information:• VP of Finance for Active Minds• Budget: $5,000• Paperwork required for each transaction • Met with team to discuss allocation amounts for programming•talked to business office about smart spending• held over 20 events• never overspent
The bullet point can be strengthened using the CAR statement. CAR statement stands for Context, Action, and Result. Using the CAR statement, you need to explain the context of the situation, the action taken to address it, and the result achieved.
Here's an example of how you can strengthen the given bullet point using the CAR statement: Context: As the VP of Finance for Active Minds, I had a budget of $5,000 to organize and manage various events and programs for the organization. Action: To make the most out of the budget, I met with my team to discuss allocation amounts for programming and ensure that each event was executed within budget. I also talked to the business office about smart spending and how to minimize costs while still meeting the objectives of the events.
Result: Over the course of the year, we held over 20 events, each executed within the allocated budget and without any overspending. By being proactive and taking smart actions, we were able to organize multiple events and programs that benefitted the organization and its members.
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Question 6 a) Examine 2 monetary policy approaches that the Reserve Bank of Australia can adopt in order to influence economic activity in the country. ANSWER a):
b) Explain the delays associated with implementing countercyclical monetarty policy. ANSWER b):
a) Two monetary policy approaches that the Reserve Bank of Australia can adopt to influence economic activity in the country are:
1. Interest Rate Manipulation
2. Open Market Operations
a) What are two monetary policy approaches that the Reserve Bank of Australia can adopt to influence economic activity in the country?b) What are the delays associated with implementing countercyclical monetary policy?Interest Rate Manipulation:
The Reserve Bank of Australia can adjust interest rates to influence economic activity. By lowering interest rates, borrowing becomes cheaper, which encourages businesses and individuals to take loans and invest. This stimulates economic growth and boosts consumer spending. Conversely, raising interest rates reduces borrowing and spending, which helps control inflationary pressures.
Open Market Operations:
Another approach is through open market operations, where the central bank buys or sells government securities in the open market. By purchasing government bonds, the Reserve Bank of Australia injects money into the economy, increasing liquidity and stimulating economic activity. Conversely, selling government bonds reduces the money supply, which helps control inflation.
b) Delays associated with implementing countercyclical monetary policy:
The implementation of countercyclical monetary policy can face certain delays due to several factors. These delays can impact the effectiveness and timeliness of the policy response. The main delays associated with countercyclical monetary policy are:
1. Decision-Making Delays:
The process of making monetary policy decisions involves deliberation and analysis by the central bank. The bank's governing body needs to assess economic data, indicators, and forecasts to determine the appropriate policy response. This decision-making process can take time and may introduce delays in implementing the policy.
2. Transmission Delays:
Once the monetary policy decisions are made, there can be delays in the transmission of these decisions to the broader economy. It takes time for changes in interest rates or liquidity conditions to affect lending rates, borrowing costs, and overall economic activity. The impact of monetary policy on the real economy is not immediate and can vary depending on factors such as market conditions and the behavior of financial institutions.
3. Recognition Delays:
Identifying the need for countercyclical monetary policy itself can be challenging. Economic indicators and data may not immediately reveal the onset of an economic downturn or inflationary pressures. It often takes time to recognize the need for a policy response and determine the appropriate course of action.
Overall, the delays associated with implementing countercyclical monetary policy highlight the importance of timely and proactive decision-making by central banks to effectively manage economic fluctuations.
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A bond has a coupon rate of 6.20% and pays interest semi-annually. If the bond has a maturity of 25 years and is currently priced at $819.53, what is the annual yield to maturity of this bond?
O a. 3.93%
O b.5.44%
O c. 6.20%
O d.6 44%
O e. 7.60%
O f. 1.7.86%
O g 8.20%
O h.15.20%
OL The yield to maturity cannot be determined with the information given
The yield to maturity of a bond cannot be determined without knowing the specific cash flows, so the answer cannot be determined with the given information.
The yield to maturity (YTM) of a bond cannot be directly determined without knowing the exact cash flows and the specific terms of the bond. In this case, we are given the coupon rate, semi-annual payments, maturity, and current price, but we don't have the specific cash flows over the bond's life.
To calculate the YTM, we would need to use the present value formula and solve for the interest rate that equates the present value of the bond's cash flows to its current price. Without the specific cash flows, we cannot calculate the YTM.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
The yield to maturity cannot be determined with the information given.
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7. At the beginning of the year, you purchased a share of stock for $35. Over the year the dividends paid on the stock were $2.75 per share. (LG 8-5) a. Calculate the return if the price of the stock at the end of the year is $30, b. Calculate the return if the price of the stock at the end of the year is $40.
The calculation of return will be negative for the given stock if the stock price at the end of the year is $30 as compared to the buying price of $35. The return calculation will be positive for the stock, if the stock price at the end of the year is $40, and it will be equal to 28.57%.
Calculation of return can be done using the formula of total return. The formula for calculating total return is, Total Return = (Ending Price - Beginning Price + Dividend) / Beginning Price Part a Given the price of the stock at the end of the year is $30. The return calculation can be done using the total return formula as.
Total Return = (Ending Price - Beginning Price + Dividend) / Beginning Price= ($30 - $35 + $2.75) / $35 = -6.43%The calculation of return will be negative if the stock price at the end of the year is $30. Part b Given the price of the stock at the end of the year is $40. The return calculation can be done using the total return formula as.
Total Return = (Ending Price - Beginning Price + Dividend) / Beginning Price= ($40 - $35 + $2.75) / $35 = 28.57%The calculation of return will be positive if the stock price at the end of the year is $40. Calculation of return can be done using the formula of total return. The formula for calculating total return is, Total Return = (Ending Price - Beginning Price + Dividend) / Beginning Price.
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Imagine that Homer Simpson actually invested the $150,000 he earned providing Mr. Burns entertainment 5 years ago at 9 percent annual interest and that he starts investing an additional $2400 a year today and at the beginning of each year for 15 years at the same 9 percent annual rate. How much money will Homer have 15 years from today?
Total Savings = $840,645.79 + $50,581.05. Total Savings = $891,226.84. Homer will have $891,226.84 after 15 years from today.
Given information: Homer Simpson invested $150,000 earned 5 years ago. The interest rate is 9%. He started investing an additional $2400 every year for the next 15 years. The interest rate is 9%.To find: Homer's savings after 15 years. Step 1: Calculate Future Value (FV) of the $150,000 using the formula for future value. FV = PV × (1 + r)ⁿ Where ,F V = Future Value, PV = Present Value, r = interest rate per year, n = number of years. To find FV, let's calculate the total number of years for which the money has been invested. Total Number of Years = 5 + 15 = 20FV = $150,000 × (1 + 0.09)²⁰ FV = $150,000 × 5.6043FV = $840,645.79.
Step 2: Calculate the future value of annual payments ($2400) using the formula for Future Value of an Annuity. FV = A × [(1 + r)ⁿ - 1] / r Where, A = Annual Payment, r = interest rate per year, n = number of years . To find the FV of the annual payments, let's calculate the future value of 15 annuities. n = 15 as he invests for 15 years. FV = $2400 × [(1 + 0.09)¹⁵ - 1] / 0.09FV = $2400 × 21.0587FV = $50,581.05Step 3: Add the FV of $150,000 and the FV of 15 annuities to get the total savings after 15 years. Total Savings = $840,645.79 + $50,581.05. Total Savings = $891,226.84. Homer will have $891,226.84 after 15 years from today.
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In all exercises prepare the background table or the amortization table as appropriate.
Assuming that the money yields a monthly nominal 6. 9%, determine what is best for Mr. Sánchez when selling his car.
a) Dr. Barajas gives him a down payment of $110,000 and repays the rest with 7 monthly installments of $18,000 each.
b) Claudia gives him 10 biweekly payments of $23,500 each.
c) A friend gives him $55,000 in the sale and 2 quarterly installments of $100,000 and $85,000, respectively.
d) Another offers $233,000 in cash
e) Ignacio would pay him $3,500 at the end of each week for 9 months and a down payment of $68,750.
3-How many overdue bimonthly payments of $12,500 are needed to amortize a credit of $159,770 with charges or interest of 12. 36% annual capitalizable per month?
Option a: $110,000 down payment + 7 monthly installments of $18,000. Total repaid: $236,000. Option b: 10 biweekly payments of $23,500. Total repaid: $235,000.
Option c: $55,000 sale amount + 2 quarterly installments. Total repaid: $240,000.
Option d: $233,000 cash offer.
Option e: $68,750 down payment + weekly payments for 9 months. Total repaid: $194,750.
Option d offers the highest amount: $233,000 in cash.
a) For option a, Dr. Barajas gives Mr. Sánchez a down payment of $110,000 and repays the rest with 7 monthly installments of $18,000 each. To determine the best option, we need to calculate the total amount repaid and compare it across all options.
Down payment: $110,000
Monthly installments: $18,000 (for 7 months)
Interest rate: 6.9% per month
To calculate the total amount repaid, we sum the down payment and the monthly installments:
Total amount repaid = Down payment + (Monthly installments x Number of months)
Total amount repaid = $110,000 + ($18,000 x 7) = $110,000 + $126,000 = $236,000
b) For option b, Claudia gives Mr. Sánchez 10 biweekly payments of $23,500 each. We will calculate the total amount repaid using the same approach.
Biweekly payments: $23,500 (for 10 payments)
Interest rate: 6.9% per month
Total amount repaid = Biweekly payments x Number of payments
Total amount repaid = $23,500 x 10 = $235,000
c) For option c, a friend gives Mr. Sánchez $55,000 in the sale and 2 quarterly installments of $100,000 and $85,000, respectively.
Quarterly installments: $100,000, $85,000 (for 2 installments)
Interest rate: 6.9% per month
Total amount repaid = Sale amount + Quarterly installments
Total amount repaid = $55,000 + ($100,000 + $85,000) = $55,000 + $185,000 = $240,000
d) For option d, another buyer offers Mr. Sánchez $233,000 in cash.
Total amount repaid = Sale amount
Total amount repaid = $233,000
e) For option e, Ignacio would pay Mr. Sánchez $3,500 at the end of each week for 9 months and a down payment of $68,750.
Weekly payments: $3,500 (for 9 months)
Down payment: $68,750
Interest rate: 6.9% per month
Total amount repaid = Down payment + (Weekly payments x Number of weeks)
Total amount repaid = $68,750 + ($3,500 x 9 x 4) = $68,750 + $126,000 = $194,750
Considering the total amounts repaid across all options, Mr. Sánchez would receive the highest amount from option d, where the buyer offers $233,000 in cash.
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Rylee runs a factory that makes DVD players. Each S100 takes 6 ounces of plastic and 4 ounces of metal. Each G150 requires 2 ounces of plastic and 8 ounces of metal. The factory has 172 ounces of plastic, 368 ounces of metal available, with a maximum of 20 S100 that can be built each week. If each S100 generates $13 in profit, and each G150 generates $1, how many of each of the DVD players should Rylee have the factory make each week to make the most profit? S100: G150: Best profit:
To maximize profit, Rylee's factory should produce 20 S100 DVD players each week. This combination ensures the optimal utilization of available resources and accounts for the profitability of each DVD player model. By producing 20 S100 DVD players, the factory can generate the highest profit of $260.
Considering the resource constraints and profitability, producing 20 S100 DVD players yields the highest profit. The plastic and metal constraints limit the number of S100 and G150 DVD players that can be manufactured. With 172 ounces of plastic available, only 28 S100 DVD players can be made, while with 368 ounces of metal, up to 92 S100 DVD players are possible. However, the production constraint of 20 S100 DVD players per week further limits the optimal choice. Comparing the profitability, where each S100 generates $13 in profit and each G150 generates $1, it becomes clear that focusing on S100 DVD players maximizes the overall profit. Therefore, producing 20 S100 DVD players per week results in the best profit of $260.
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Assume today is December 31, 2018. Imagine Works Inc. just paid a dividend of $1.35 per share at the end of 2018. The dividend is expected to grow at 15% per year for 3 years, after which time it is expected to grow at a constant rate of 6% annually. The company's cost of equity (rs) is 9%. Using the dividend growth model (allowing for nonconstant growth), what should be the price of the company's stock today (December 31, 2018)? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
Rounding the answer to the nearest cent, the price of the company's stock today (December 31, 2018) should be $68.43.
To calculate the price of the company's stock today, we will use the dividend growth model. The formula for the dividend growth model is:
P = D1 / (rs - g)
where P is the price of the stock, D1 is the dividend expected in the next period, rs is the cost of equity, and g is the growth rate.
Given:
Dividend at the end of 2018 (D0) = $1.35
Dividend growth rate for the first 3 years (g1) = 15%
Dividend growth rate after 3 years (g2) = 6%
Cost of equity (rs) = 9%
First, we need to calculate the dividend expected in the next period (D1). To do this, we need to calculate the dividend growth rate for the first 3 years. The formula to calculate the dividend in the next period is:
D1 = D0 * (1 + g1)^n
where n is the number of years.
D1 = $1.35 * (1 + 0.15)^3
D1 = $1.35 * (1.15)^3
D1 = $1.35 * 1.520875
D1 = $2.052796875
Next, we can substitute the values into the dividend growth model formula:
P = $2.052796875 / (0.09 - 0.06)
P = $2.052796875 / 0.03
P = $68.4265625
Rounding the answer to the nearest cent, the price of the company's stock today (December 31, 2018) should be $68.43.
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We sum up the present value of the dividends for the first 3 years and the terminal value to get the price of the company's stock today.
The price of the stock today would be the sum of the present value of the dividends for 2019, 2020, and 2021, and the terminal value.
To determine the price of the company's stock today using the dividend growth model, we need to calculate the present value of all future dividends.
First, let's calculate the dividends for the first 3 years. The dividend for 2019 would be $1.35 multiplied by (1 + 15%), which equals $1.55. The dividend for 2020 would be $1.55 multiplied by (1 + 15%), which equals $1.783. The dividend for 2021 would be $1.783 multiplied by (1 + 15%), which equals $2.051.
Next, we need to calculate the terminal value of the stock. To do this, we need to find the future dividends beyond the 3-year period. The dividend for 2022 would be $2.051 multiplied by (1 + 6%), which equals $2.172. To calculate the terminal value, we divide the future dividend by the difference between the cost of equity (9%) and the constant growth rate (6%). In this case, the terminal value would be $2.172 divided by (9% - 6%), which equals $72.4.
Now, we can calculate the present value of all the dividends. The present value of the dividends for 2019, 2020, and 2021 can be calculated by dividing the respective dividends by (1 + cost of equity) raised to the power of the number of years from now. So, the present value of the dividends for 2019, 2020, and 2021 would be $1.55 divided by (1 + 9%)¹ $1.783 divided by (1 + 9%)², and $2.051 divided by (1 + 9%)³, respectively.
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Use the funding liquidity and market liquidity to explain how
the liquidity spiral was created in the financial market which
caused the financial crisis in 2008-2009.
The liquidity spiral in the 2008-2009 financial crisis was caused by a combination of funding and market liquidity problems, leading to a vicious cycle of declining prices and increasing losses.
The liquidity spiral that caused the financial crisis in 2008-2009 was created due to a combination of funding liquidity and market liquidity problems. Funding liquidity refers to the ability of financial institutions to obtain short-term funding to meet their obligations, while market liquidity refers to the ability to buy or sell assets quickly without significantly affecting their prices.
During the housing boom, banks and financial institutions were providing mortgages to borrowers who were not creditworthy and were unable to repay their loans. These mortgages were then packaged into securities and sold to investors around the world. However, as the number of defaults on these mortgages increased, the value of these securities began to decline, leading to a decrease in market liquidity.
As the market liquidity decreased, the value of these securities fell further, and financial institutions that had invested heavily in them began to experience significant losses. This led to a decline in funding liquidity, as these institutions were unable to obtain short-term funding to meet their obligations. As a result, they were forced to sell their assets to meet their obligations, which further reduced the market liquidity and caused the prices of these securities to fall even further.
This created a vicious cycle, where declining market liquidity led to a decline in funding liquidity, which further reduced market liquidity, and so on. This liquidity spiral ultimately led to the collapse of several large financial institutions and a global financial crisis.
In summary, the liquidity spiral was created due to a combination of funding liquidity and market liquidity problems, where declining market liquidity led to a decline in funding liquidity, which further reduced market liquidity and caused a vicious cycle of declining prices and increasing losses.
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ABC just paid an annual divided of $2.75 per share, with a plan to increase it by 2% per year indefinitely.What is ABC's cost of equity if its current stock price is $57.65?(Round your answer to the nearest hundredth; two decimal places)
Given that ABC just paid an annual dividend of $2.75 per share, with a plan to increase it by 2% per year indefinitely. we get the value of cost of equity for ABC as 9.06% (approx).
we are to find the cost of equity, if its current stock price is $57.65.The cost of equity is the required rate of return an investor expects to get from investing in a firm's equity. It represents the compensation a firm's equity shareholders demand for their investment. The dividend growth model provides us with an expression to calculate the cost of equity of a firm. According to this model, the cost of equity can be calculated using the formula given below:$$r_{s} = \frac {D_{1}} {P_{0}} + g$$where,$r_s$ = cost of equity$D_1$ = dividend expected at the end of year 1$P_0$ = current market price of the stockg = growth rate of dividendsThe dividend expected at the end of year 1 can be calculated by multiplying the current dividend by (1 + g).
The growth rate of dividends is given as 2% per year indefinitely. Now, as per the question, the current stock price is $57.65 and the current dividend is $2.75 per share.Therefore, we have:$$D_{1} = D_{0} \times (1 + g)$$$$\Rightarrow D_{1} = 2.75 \times (1 + 0.02)$$$$\Rightarrow D_{1} = 2.80$$Now, putting the given values in the formula of cost of equity we get, $$r_{s} = \frac {2.80} {57.65} + 0.02$$$$\ Rightarrow r_{s} = 0.0706 + 0.02$$$$\Rightarrow r_{s} = 0.0906$$Therefore, the cost of equity for ABC is 9.06% (approx). The cost of equity is the required rate of return an investor expects to get from investing in a firm's equity. It represents the compensation a firm's equity shareholders demand for their investment. The cost of equity can be calculated using the dividend growth model.
The dividend growth model has been used to calculate the cost of equity. Also, all the necessary terms and formulas have been used. The answer has been rounded off to two decimal places. ABC just paid an annual dividend of $2.75 per share, with a plan to increase it by 2% per year indefinitely. According to this model, the cost of equity can be calculated using the formula given below:$$r_{s} = \frac {D_{1}} {P_{0}} + g$$where,$r_s$ = cost of equity$D_1$ = dividend expected at the end of year 1$P_0$ = current market price of the stockg = growth rate of dividendsUsing the given values, the dividend expected at the end of year 1 has been calculated as $2.80 and the growth rate of dividends has been taken as 2% per year indefinitely. Putting these values in the formula of cost of equity, we get the value of cost of equity for ABC as 9.06% (approx).
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