According to Thorndike’s law of effect, behavior that is rewarded is less likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that is punished is unlikely to be repeated.
What is behavior?A behavior can be defined as the unique characteristics or qualities that depicts how a person conduct himself or herself, especially towards others and in certain circumstances such as when suffering from a sickness or disease.
What is Thorndike’s law of effect?Thorndike’s law of effect is a law that was established by Edward Thorndike in 1898 and it states that behavioral responses that were closely followed by a reward (satisfying result) are most likely to be repeated while behavioral responses that were closely followed by a punishment (unsatisfying result) are most unlikely to be repeated.
In this context, we can reasonably infer and logically deduce that behavior that is rewarded is less likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that is punished is unlikely to be repeated in accordance with Thorndike’s law of effect.
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game-theoretic inverse reinforcement learning: a differential pontryagin's maximum principle approach
This article suggests a paradigm for game-theoretic inverse reinforcement learning (GT-IRL), which intends to learn the parameters of multistage games' dynamic systems and individual cost functions from exemplified trajectories.
What is inverse game theory?Game theory can be seen as a multi-player kind of optimization where various agents maximize their unique objective functions. The objective function of an optimization program can be recovered from its solution by resolving a related linear program, according to one of the basic findings in inverse optimization.
Our framework, which is based on Jin et alwork, 's differentiates Pontryagin's maximum principle (PMP) equations of open-loop Nash equilibrium (OLNE), which addresses the problem in a deterministic setting as opposed to the probabilistic approaches in computer science and residual minimization solutions in the control community.
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international institutions and domestic compensation: the imf and the politics of capital account liberalization
Different governments have loosened their limitations on the transfer of capital across international borders more quickly than others.
The IMF: what is it?The 190 nations that make up the International Monetary Fund (IMF) strive for sustainable growth and prosperity. In order to boost productivity, job creation, and economic well-being, it accomplishes this by supporting economic policies that encourage monetary cooperation and financial stability. The member nations of the IMF are in charge of it and are responsible to them.
Why is the IMF existing?
The IMF has three crucial responsibilities: advancing global monetary cooperation, promoting trade and economic growth, and discouraging unfavorable policies. IMF member nations collaborate with one another and with other international organizations to carry out these missions.
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The united states district courts are the federal court system's trial courts of _____ jurisdiction. A. Supreme b. Appellate c. Review d. General e. Special
The correct option is D.
The united states district courts are the federal court system's trial courts of general jurisdiction.
Federal courts which are concerned with the general types of jurisdiction have jurisdiction over cases that involve the government of the United States, the Constitution as well as federal laws or major controversies that occur between states or between the U.S. government and governments of concerned foreign states.
A general type of jurisdiction exists where a court in a particular given state contains jurisdiction which stays over a defendant in that state irrespective of the claimed nature but if the concerned state is alleged to have the kind of jurisdiction over a specific defendant because of the activities of the defendant in that the state itself gave rise to some claims. This would be considered as the specific type of jurisdiction.
General jurisdiction generally states that when a person is residing in a state, that state has the ability to make a stay over a person in any of the courts in that concerned state with regard to the legal type of matter. If we take the example of someone committing a crime in the Texas region, Louisiana will not be having any general jurisdiction since their residence is not in that state over that person.
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psyarxiv developmental scientists should adopt citizen science to improve generalization and reproducibility.
Finding a larger pattern and more representative samples increases the strength of a generalization. A superb generalization looks at a sizable sample and shows how the elegance being investigated is present in all of its facets.
"Developmental scientists should adopt citizen science to improve generalization and reproducibility." What is the purpose of the study?Ironically, widespread failures of generalization and replication are a scientific achievement since they support the core metascientific notion that guides our profession. A large, randomly sampled stimulus collection, along with a diversity of experimental conditions, must be used when testing a large number of individuals from a wide range of demographics.
Meta-scientists predict that findings will commonly fail to reproduce or generalize because little research manages to do any of these things. We contend that developmental psychology must discover a way to collect data from a wider range of groups to be more reliable and repeatable.
Fortunately, the mechanism in place is as follows: In citizen science, a lot of unpaid volunteers contribute data. Although citizen science is most known for its work in astronomy and ecology, it has also made substantial strides in neuroscience, psychology, and, increasingly, developmental psychology.
We provide examples, outline restrictions, and compare our strategy to other approaches to gathering big datasets. We also talk about concerns about the application. In the end, we argue that there are fewer and fewer studies where it is appropriate *not* to use citizen science.
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somatic symptoms and physiologic responses in generalized anxiety disorderand panic disorderan ambulatory monitor study
The somatic symptoms, as well as physiologic responses in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder, exhibit an ambulatory monitor study on many severe types of distress and panic attacks.
The patients will be affected with many somatic symptoms and physiological responses who are suffering from Panic Disorder or Generalized Anxiety Disorder are more sensitive to changes taking place in the body than what happens to nonanxious individuals and also have somatic symptoms like Breathlessness, Feelings of panic, and Chest pain. Patients with Panic Disorder experience distress more frequently than those having Anxiety Disorder and aid in control but their physiological kind of responses in case of intensity are comparable.
The main difference which occurs between patients having Panic Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder was highlighted as the sensitivity to body sensations as well as the occurrence of frequent button presses. A trend toward heightened basal arousal in Panic Disorder patients is also observed which manifests itself in a faster heartbeat rate happening throughout the day.
Physiological responses of anxiety increase the rate of breathing as well as heartbeat which concentrates on the blood flow to your brain with respect to wherever it needs. This physical response helps to prepare for facing an intense situation. If the situation gets too intense, however, it might start to feel nauseous as well as lightheaded.
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one way to differentiate between long-term and short-term memory systems in research is to construct a serial position curve, or to plot the position of an item in a list along with a) the percent of participants that recalled the item. b) the time it took for participants to recall the item. c) the speed and accuracy of participants' recall of the item. d) the number of times a participant asked about the item.
One way to differentiate between long-term and short-term memory systems in research is to construct a serial position curve, or to plot the position of an item in a list along with (a) the percent of participants that recalled the item.
What is long-term and short-term memory ..??
"Long-term memory has a seemingly unlimited capacity that lasts years, short-term memory is relatively brief and limited."
What is a serial position curve?
It is "a “U”-shaped learning curve that is normally obtained while recalling a list of words due to the greater accuracy of recall of words from the beginning and end of the list than words from the middle of the list."
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domain: the set of all states range: the set of all senators (remember, each state has two senators!) this relation is .
A function is a relationship between a set of inputs known as the domain and a set of outputs known as the range, where each input is only given one value.
Thus, Not a function is the correct phrase.
Which group of values constitutes a function?A relation is a function where each input value yields one and only one output value. Graphs, tables, and ordered pairs can all be used to represent functions.
The domain is the set of input values, while the range is the set of output values. A set of ordered pairs that contain only unique ordered pairs with unique x coordinates is referred to as a function. A function is defined by an equation that generates a set of ordered pairs.
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residential surrounding greenness, self-rated health and interrelations with aspects of neighborhood environment and social relations.
We further aimed to explore the relationships of greenness and self-rated health with the neighborhood environment and social relations.
We further aimed to explore the relationships of greenness and self-rated health with the neighborhood environment and social relations.
Social integration and perceived neighborhood environment are surrounding greenness, self-rated health, and interrelations with aspects.
Conclusions Independent of age, sex, race, smoking status, neighborhood deprivation, statin use, and roadway exposure.
The aim of this study was to analyze the association of residential surrounding greenness with self-rated health.
Perceived and felt security - a safe environment is perceived and felt by a child as a place of security. This translates into how they view and feel about their protectors, their parents, or their caregivers. Confidence in consistency - a child needs to be able to count on a home remaining safe.
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a researcher writing about the effects of military spending on public support for incumbent politicians writes, "since it is obvious that military spending hurts the economy and we have evidence that poor economic performance leads to lower incumbent support among voters, i conclude that military spending must hurt incumbent support." according to kellstedt
Only take empirical data into account.
Does supporting the military help or hinder the economy?Although military spending had a negative economic impact in non-OECD nations as well, this impact was much more pronounced in OECD nations. There is a widespread belief that a conflict or even more military spending will strengthen a country's economy.
What is contained in data on military spending?The information comprises government spending on the existing armed forces and their operations, including wages, benefits, operational costs, acquisitions of weapons and equipment, military construction, research and development, central administration, and command and support.
Is there a private answer to the military budget?One area where there is no private option is military spending. No single business or group of citizens is driven and reliable enough to assume financial responsibility for a country's military maintenance. Spending money on defense diverts funds away from other public services.
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i study to get good grades because my parents want to send me to the college of my choice."" this is ana.intrinsic motivational statementc.both of theseb.extrinsic motivational statementd.none of these
i study to get good grades because my parents want to send me to the college of my choice."" The correct answer is option c . It is both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
There are two main types of motivation. One is Intrinsic and the other is Extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is something when doing a task gives you a personal reward, whereas extrinsic motivation involves doing a task because you want to get a reward or avoid punishment.
According to such researches, if i would ask to do a task, then to complete that task, my motivation would be to get a certificate, because for me, intrinsic rewards are more important than extrinsic rewards. My internal satisfaction, my mental calmness, and my sense of achievement is everything. So I would be given a certificate for achieving the goal or completing the task, i would most likely be enjoying the task.
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the correct ordered pairs made using the corresponding terms of these two sequences, with Sequence 1 terms first. Sequence 1: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11…. Sequence 2: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13…
The correct ordered pairs made using the corresponding terms of these two sequences, with Sequence 1 terms first, are as follows:
(3, 5), (5, 7), (7, 9), (9, 11), and (11, 13).
What is an ordered pair?An ordered pair refers to two coordinates separated by a comma and enclosed in parentheses.
An ordered pair is used as a set of two numbers to locate a point in a coordinate plane.
Data and Calculations:Sequence 1: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11….
Sequence 2: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13…
Ordered pairs:
(3, 5) 1st sequence 1 and 2 terms
(5, 7) 2nd sequence 1 and 2 terms ...
Thus, the correct ordered pairs made using the corresponding terms of these two sequences, with Sequence 1 terms first, are (3, 5), (5, 7), (7, 9), (9, 11), and (11, 13).
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in addition to entry-level education requirements, certifying organizations have regulations about continuing professional education (cpe).
In addition to 2 verifiable hours of ethics courses every year or 6 verifiable hours of ethics over a rolling three-year period.
Define CPE Credit .The term "continuing professional education credit," or "CPE credit," refers to the points that professionals earn for taking part in specialized training in IT and other sectors. In order for professionals to keep up with or upgrade their qualifications, CPE credits are based on study hours and are applied to certification programs.
In order for professionals to keep up with or upgrade their qualifications, CPE credits are based on study hours and are applied to certification programs.
What are the CPE requirements?1. A minimum of 120 CPE hours spread out over a rolling three-year period, 60 of which must be verified.
2. Each year, a minimum of 20 verified hours must be performed, two of which must be related to ethics.
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even though it has not been maintained over the years, monks mound looks very much as it did when it was built.
The given statement is False: Even though it has not been maintained over the years, the monk's mound looks very much as it did when it was built.
Monks Mound is located in St. Louis. It is a Pre-Columbian earthwork in America. It is estimated to be constructed around 900–955 CE. It is one of the highest points of the city. It is around 100 feet high. It is made up of several layers of course material.
Monks Mound is also open to exploration for visitors. It has around 154 steps. Generally, mounds are divided into three different categories. Mounds are also considered sacred grounds for many.
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the articles of confederation gives some powers tot he federal government but says that each state retains its sovereignty answers.com
The number one motive of the Articles of Confederation became to establish a national government and to establish the USA as a sovereign kingdom.
The Articles of ConfederatioThe European Alliance, and the United international locations (“U.N.”) are examples of confederation, at the same time as the united states is a federation. while the U.S. as a whole may also participate in confederations, inclusive of the U.N., it maintains critical authority with some authority over the diverse states.
Had been the founding constitution of the new nation.1999, Russia and Belarus signed a treaty to form a confederation, which got here into force on 26 January 2000. even though it changed given the name Union state, and has some characteristics of a federation, it stays a confederation of two sovereign states.
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in an experiment studying the effects of alcohol on social anxiety, alcohol is the variable.
We can actually deduce here that in an experiment studying the effects of alcohol on social anxiety, alcohol is the dependent variable. The correct option is C. Dependent.
What is an experiment?An experiment is actually known to be the process of carrying out some specific procedures in order to make a discovery, establish a fact or test an hypothesis.
We see here that the options that complete the question are seen below:
A.) random
B.) independent
C.) dependent
D.) confounding
We see that in the given experimental study, alcohol is actually seen as the dependent variable.
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a crowd pen can provide comfort to the animals as they are worked through an alleyway and chute. never fill the crowd pen more than full.
A crowd pen can provide comfort to the animals as they are worked through an alleyway and chute. Never fill the crowd pen more than 2/3 full.
Cattle should be easily moved into the working chute by crowded enclosures. The crowding pen's main function is to direct animals into the working chute. Cattle must be able to be moved into the crowding pen from the holding pens and then into the working chute with ease.
In some instances, the terms holding pen, corral, and crowding pen are used synonymously. To reduce stress and create a secure environment for cattle and handlers, your cattle should ideally transition from a holding pen into your cattle chute system. This Bill demonstrates America's enduring commitment to self-improvement.
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all are classic differences between the traditional middle eastern and western views of marriage and gender roles except
All are classic differences between the traditional middle eastern and western views of marriage and gender roles except In the Middle East, in contrast to the west, women marry only for love.
What do you understand about Arab wedding traditions?You won't find many guests sitting down at the majority of Arab weddings. Professional dancers first perform the dabke, a well-known folk dance, followed by the wedding guests. In a circle, guests will dance shoulder to shoulder with one another. In contrast, visitors at an Egyptian wedding are more likely to watch belly dancers. The Shaadi, which typically occurs the same day as the Nikah, and the Walima, which typically occurs the next day, are the two main reception-style celebrations that traditionally accompany South Asian weddings, in contrast to an Arab wedding's one (the Walima).
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which field is the scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices cognitive psychology positive psychology evolutionary psychology neuroscience
positive psychology field is the scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
Positive psychology is a practical method for achieving peak performance and the scientific study of human flourishing. It has also been described as the research into the qualities and strengths that help people, communities, and organizations flourish.
The Three Foundations: Positive experiences, positive personality traits, and positive institutions are the three main topics of positive psychology. Take The Pleasant Life as an example. This refers to living a life filled with as many happy feelings as you can. Some abilities, including savoring and awareness, can heighten these feelings and add to the Pleasant Life.
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the text defines psychology as the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
It is true that in text psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Psychology is referred to a more scientific study that involves learning about the human behavior of many kinds and how they behave in their lives. It involves keen study and knowledge about how the human brain functions and how does it respond to various situations in life.
The study also helps to reason the human behavior in all types of situation like why did someone behave in a certain way in a certain situation. A psychologist is a person who has the knowledge about psychology and can reason the behavior of human nature.
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.
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what would happen to american democracy if citi- zens stopped participating in political and social life?
It harms the democratic foundation of USA and the countries leadership would go in the hands of incapable person.
What are the problems if citizen did not participate in the democracy?Democracies experience democratic decline when political institutions that support democracy, such as peaceful transfer of power or free and fair elections, are weakened by the state. Although it is believed that these political factors will eventually cause backsliding, the violation of fundamental liberties, particularly the right to free speech, calls into doubt the long-term health, effectiveness, and viability of democratic institutions. There are particular risks of democratic reversal during times of national crisis. It can happen when authorities enact authoritarian laws during times of emergency that are either excessive for the crisis at hand or continue to be in effect after it has subsided.
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Kim is a forensic scientist. She has been asked to identify a chemical compound that was found at the scene of a crime. Which of these pairs of properties would be most helpful in identifying the unknown compound?
Being a forensic scientist, it is important for Kim to take the help of chemical properties such as melting point and reactivity with water in order to identify a compound that was found at the scene of a crime. Therefore, the option D holds true.
What is the significance of chemical properties?Chemical properties can be referred to or considered as the characteristics of each chemical compound that help in carrying a chemical reaction of the element when it comes in contact with other elements.
Therefore, the option D holds true and states regarding the significance of chemical properties.
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The question seems to be incomplete. It has been added below.
Kim is a forensic scientist. She has been asked to identify a chemical compound that was found at the scene of a crime. Which of these pairs of properties would be most helpful in identifying the unknown compound?
A) color, mass
B) boiling point, volume
C) flammability, volume
D) melting point, reactivity with water
examples of evidence in a case that would provide some proof of the following elements of the crime of murder: killing of a person, intentional killing, and premeditated killing.
One example of an excusable evidence homicide is a homicide committed by a defendant who is found legally insane. This killing could also be intentional and purposeful.
The elements of a crime are criminal act, criminal intent, concurrence, causation, harm, and attendant circumstances. Only crimes that specify a bad result have the elements of causation and harm.
In order to convict the defendant, these elements of a crime must then be proven in a court of law beyond a reasonable doubt. Most crimes require that three essential elements be present: a criminal act (actus reus), criminal intent (men's rea), and a concurrence of the previous two elements.
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one researcher from the study has a second job in which he works with others on a daily basis. the individuals he interacts with at this job most likely form what kind of social group with him?
The social group here is based on knowledge.
What do you understand by Social group?In the social sciences, a social group is characterized as two or more individuals that interact with one another, have common traits, and have a feeling of unity as a whole. Social groupings come in a wide range of shapes and sizes, though. A society, for instance, can be thought of as a sizable social group. A social group is made up of two or more individuals who interact frequently based on shared expectations and who have the same identity. A group of males talking about the most recent movie they saw is a social group since they are influencing one another verbally.
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professor boredom has noticed that his students keep falling asleep during his lectures. he thinks that keeping the lights in the lecture hall on at their brightest level will help to keep students awake. he decides to give the same lecture to three groups of people. he holds one class session with bright lights, one class session with normal lighting, and one class session with dim lights. professor boredom has a teaching assistant count the number of sleepers at the end of each class.
Professor Boredom has noticed that his students keep falling asleep during his lectures. He thinks that keeping the lights within the lecture hall on at their brightest level will help to stay students awake.
Circadian rhythms are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark and affect most living things, including animals, plants, and microbes.
Chronobiology is that the study of circadian rhythms. One example of a light-related biological time is sleeping at nighttime and being awake during the day. the typical Teen Circadian Cycle image shows the biological time cycle of a typical teen.
The question is incomplete, complete question is given below:-
Professor Boredom has noticed that students keep falling asleep during his lectures. He thinks that keeping the lights in the lecture hall on at their brightest level will help to keep students awake. He decides to give the same lecture to three groups of people. He holds one class session with bright lights, one class session with normal lighting, and one class session with dim lights. Professor Boredom has a teaching assistant count the number of sleepers at the end of each class.
What is Professor Boredom's hypothesis in this example?
A) Bright lights will keep more students awake in class than dimmer lights.
B) Lighting will have no effect on students' wakefulness.
C) Sleepy students prefer dimmer lights during class time than alert students.
D) Alert students prefer dimmer lights during class time than sleepy students.
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you do not act out your vivid dreams because a) your body is not actually experiencing the events of the dream. b) your brain inhibits motor neurons, and you cannot move. c) your brain does not actually communicate with your body during sleep. d) you can only act out events that you have experienced before.
One of the reasons we do not act out our vivid dream is that, our brain inhibits motor neurons, and you cannot move.
People are most likely to remember the last dream they’ve had in their sleep cycle. But it’s possible to remember a vivid dream long after it’s occurred if it seemed very intense.
Vivid dreams can be positive or negative, realistic or fantasy. Scientists know that most heavy dreaming occurs during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep normally cycles every 90 minutes during a night of sleep and may last 20 to 25 minutes.
Nerve pathways in the brain that prevent muscles from moving are active during normal REM or dreaming sleep, resulting in temporary paralysis of your body. In REM sleep behavior disorder, these pathways no longer work and you may physically act out your dreams.
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electrophysiological correlates of improved executive function following eeg neurofeedback in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
It is true that electrophysiological correlates of improved executive function following EEG neurofeedback in adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Neurofeedback is a methodology that assists subjects to manage their brain waves deliberately. In fact, the electroencephalography (EEG) is recorded throughout the neurofeedback treatment.
ADHD is one among the foremost common psychological disorders of childhood. it's sometimes initially diagnosed in childhood and sometimes lasts into adulthood. Kids with ADHD might have trouble in listening, dominant impulsive behaviors , or be too active.
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Electrophysiological correlates of improved executive function following EEG neurofeedback in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. True or False.
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why would sociologists who study academic performance be interested in the lives of college freshmen before they enter college?
Sociologists who study academic performance be interested in the lives of college freshmen before they enter college because sociologists are particularly well equipped to study individuals' intelligence quotients and the impact of intelligence on academic performance.
Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and understanding the social world in which we live and which shapes our lives. Students who have been well trained in sociology know how to think critically about human social life, and how to ask important research questions.
Sociologists observe that how is the everyday life of groups and individuals, conduct surveys on a large-scale, interpret historical documents, analyze census data, study video-taped interactions, interview participants of groups, and conduct laboratory experiments.
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with this hand signal, the official lets the substitute player enter the court and the game, with an open palm, waving towards the body.
With this hand referee signal, the official lets the substitute player enter the court and the game, with an open palm, waving towards the body.
Pointing one hand and arm indicating the course. indirect free. The referee holds one hand directly within the air until the ball is played. purpose Kick - The referee points in the path of the aim. Play on - Holds both arms out in front with arms up. A football referee frequently uses his/her hands and body to sign calls such as free kick, offside and other decision, even as an assistant referee uses a his/her flag to speak with the top referee and the players. Referees are constantly using hand signals at the court. each signal represents a foul call or an action that wishes to be communicated. these hand alerts are especially in area to allow players, coaches, and statisticians to understand the decision that turned into just made, despite spectator noise in loud environments. Dubbed "advantage" in football, this signals the player with the ball to keep playing after a less serious foul. The referee raises both hands to signal that a goal has been scored. they might also use this sign to recognize activities like PK saves.
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what caused native populations to develop distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments?
Native American communities in North America were so varied because, depending on where they lived, different tribes had access to a variety of resources which is the reason that caused native populations to develop distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.
How did the environment influence Native American culture areas?The environment has a wide range of effects on the Indians' shelter. The Indian tribes had various strategies for defending themselves from the weather using the resources at their disposal and unique designs for the local climate depending on where they lived.
Native inhabitants spread out across the enormous territory of North America over time, migrating and settling there, and through adaptation and transformation of their varied environments, they created different and complex societies.
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Why is it problematic when journalists report only on a single study? group of answer choices it can make journalists look bad. It can lead people to think journalists are scientists. It can lead people to value one study over decades of previous research. It can cause people to interrogate a study’s validities
Why is it problematic when journalists report only on a single study?
It can lead people to value one study over decades of previous research.Group of answer choices it can make journalists look bad. It can lead people to think journalists are scientists. It can cause people to interrogate a study’s validities.What do you understand by journalists?
Journalists write and gather news that will be of interest to their audience. By gathering a multitude of different sources and ensuring that all arguments are represented, they keep their audience informed about the events in their world.
The work usually includes:
reading press releasesexamining articlesestablishing and maintaining contactsquerying sourceswriting, editing and submitting copyparticipation in eventsproofreadingverifying claims and factscompliance with privacy, defamation and defamation lawscooperation with editors, sub-editors, designers and photographers.It is possible to switch between television, radio, newspapers and publishing work.
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