Enzymes called proteases break down proteins. Plasmin is the main protease found in milk. Heat can either inactivate some proteases or not. Protein breakdown can provide unpleasant off-flavors that are undesirable, or it can give cheese a nice texture as it ages.
Enzymes, usually referred to as biocatalysts, are biological catalysts that quicken metabolic reactions in living things and can be taken out of cells. Protein-degrading enzymes are referred to as proteases. These enzymes are produced by bacteria, fungus, plants, and mammals. Proteins in the body or on the skin are broken down by proteolytic enzymes. This may aid in digestion or the breakdown of proteins that contribute to inflammation and pain.
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development of neuron-astrocyte co-culture system for mechanistic and pharmacological studies in neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are characterized by the progressive atrophy and loss of neuronal function.
Lack of knowledge of the essential molecular pathways that cause neurodegeneration is one of the major barriers to the development of neuroprotective medicines for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative illnesses. A deeper understanding of the diseases' molecular processes is urgently required. The lack of suitable in vitro models is a significant barrier to the creation of innovative neuroprotective therapies and the identification of early illness biomarkers. Furthermore, the majority of the ones that are available do not have active neuron-glia interactions. However, it is generally known that astrocytes are essential to both a healthy brain and to pathology, therefore their absence affects the applicability of these models.Learn more about the neurodegenration with the help of the given link:
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The oceans formed as a result of:
(1) oxygen producing organisms
(2) out gassing from volcanoes
(3) meteorite impacts bringing water from outer space
(4) transpiration from early plants
fertilization is the defining feature of
the stages of mitosis,
Sexual Reproduction,
metaphase i and ii,
telophase i and ii
Answer:sexual reproduction
Explanation:
Answer:
b. sexual reproduction
and the next one is
a and d
Explanation:
cholesterol is an organic steroid in mammalian cells that controls membrane permeability and fluidity. how many carbons are in cholesterol
The cholesterol contains 46 hydrogen atoms in total.
Cholesterol's chemical formula is C27H46O, which means that in addition to hydrogen, it also contains 27 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
The liver, spinal cord, and brain all contain significant amounts of cholesterol, which keeps cell membranes stable.
What causes high in cholesterol?It is primarily brought on by consuming fatty foods, failing to exercise regularly, being overweight, smoking, and using alcohol. Moreover, it can run in families. By consuming a healthy diet and increasing your physical activity, you can lower your cholesterol. Some folks also require medication.What is the average level of cholesterol?The ranges for adults' total cholesterol are as follows: Less than 200 mg/dL is normal. High-risk levels: 200 to 239 mg/dL. High: 240 mg/dL or higher.Cholesterol-rich, nutritive foods like eggs, cheese, shellfish, pastured beef, organ meats, sardines, and full-fat yogurt are good additions to your diet.learn more about Cholesterol here
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g-proteins consist of 3 protein subunits. which of the three subunits is not tethered into the the plasma membrane.
Among the 3 protein subunits of G-proteins, the β-subunit is note tethered to the plasma membrane.
G-proteins belong to the family of proteins, that acts as molecule switch. They are turned on when bound to GTP and turned off when bound to GDP. The three subunit of G-protein are α, β and γ. The protein can be monomeric or trimeric.
Plasma membrane is the outer layer of the cell. It is bilayer structure composed of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol. The lipid constitutes of the polar hydrophilic head and the non-polar hydrophobic tail. The function of plasma membrane is to protect the cell from outer environment and also regulate the traffic of substances that come and go from the cell.
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When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?.
When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. The sustainability will not be affected of such an ecosystem because typically if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will remain stable.
In the field of science, a food web can be described as a combination of all the food chains in an area. It shows how the different species of an ecosystem are dependent upon each other.
A greater number of organisms in an ecosystem means that there are a greater number of organisms present to act as prey or predator for other species. If one of the links or species is removed from such an ecosystem, a substitute species is present to act as prey or predator in place of it.
Hence, for an ecosystem that has a high number of links in the food web, the ecosystem will remain stable even if a single organism is removed from it.
When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?
A. Typically, if one link in the food web is added, the ecosystem will change its location.
B. Typically, if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will no longer exist.
C. Typically, if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will remain stable.
D. Typically, if one link in the food web is added, the ecosystem will destabilize.
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polypeptides are synthesized from amino acid building blocks. the condensation reaction between the growing polypeptide chain and the next amino acid to be added involves the loss of
Polypeptides are synthesized from amino acid building blocks. the condensation reaction between the growing polypeptide chain and the next amino acid to be added involves the loss of a water molecule.
What are polypeptides?Using peptide bonds, short chains of amino acids form peptides. Oligopeptides are chains of fewer than twenty amino acids, and they comprise dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. A polypeptide is a continuous, unbranched peptide chain that is longer.
Function of polypeptides :By joining many amino acids together, polypeptides contribute to the creation of proteins. When two or more polypeptides are joined together to form a protein, the resulting structure is unique to that protein. Polypeptides are peptides with more than 100 amino acid units in them. Amalin and glucagon are two examples.
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the human body is best described as always being in a state of equilibrium such that all body compartments are identical.
False. The human body is best described as always being in a state of equilibrium such that all body compartments are identical.
What about state of equilibrium?
The condition of a body or physical system when it is at rest or moving continuously and predictably. An equilibrium-state system exhibits no propensity to change over time. A system has no net forces and no net torque if it is in static equilibrium. During a reversible chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which there is no net change in the quantity of reactants or products.
When a chemical reaction is reversible, the products react with the original reactants as soon as they are created. Examples of equilibrium include a book that is at rest on a table. a vehicle that is going steadily. A chemical process where both the forward and backward rates of reaction are equal.
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False. The best approach to characterize the human body is as being constantly in an equilibrium condition when all body compartments are identical.
body's or bodily gadget's state when it's far at relaxation or transferring step by step and reliably.
A device in equilibrium indicates no tendency to exchange over time. If a gadget is in static equilibrium, there are no internet forces and no net torque.
Chemical equilibrium is the circumstance wherein there is no internet trade within the wide variety of reactants or products at some point of a reversible chemical response.
the moment the products are produced in a reversible chemical response, they begin to interact with the initial reactants.
An open e-book resting on a desk serves as an example of equilibrium. a moving item that is transferring progressively a chemical response wherein the costs of the forward and backward reactions are equal.
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make the connection: your heart is dependent on oxygen from your respiratory system, and it is delivered by the(1 point)
Oxygen from the respiratory system is delivered by the circulatory system.
What is the relationship between respiratory and circulatory system?The respiratory system is responsible for delivering oxygen to the circulatory system that is made up of blood vessels which carry blood to the heart and then all cells of our body. Arteries carry blood that is loaded with oxygen from the heart to all cells whereas veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs for disposing carbondioxide. The circulatory system carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide.
So we can conclude that Oxygen from the respiratory system is delivered by the circulatory system.
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I need help asap please!
Answer:
11.cell is a basic structural and functional unit of life and they are basic building blocks
12.Stems. Stems support buds and leaves and carry water, minerals and food
13.herbaceous stems and woody stems.
14.Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
15.The plant life cycle consists of four stages; seed, sprout, small plant, and adult plant.
16.annual
17.biennial
18.Perennials
hope it helps o==[]::::::::::::::::>
Many deciduous trees, such as sycamores and aspens, drop their leaves each year. After some time, the nutrients from the leaves become part of the soil and are available again. Which of these types of organisms in an ecosystem is necessary for the nutrients in dropped leaves to become available?
A. consumers
B. decomposers
C. producers
D. herbivores
Answer: a
Explanation:
Many deciduous trees, such as sycamores and aspens, drop their leaves each year. After some time, the nutrients from the leaves become part of the soil and are available again. These type of the nutrients are made available to the soil again by the decomposers.
Deciduous trees are the trees that shed their leaves that sheds off their leaves once in a year usually in autumn.
Decompsers are the organisms that feed on the dead living organisms and their waste to produce energy for themselves including dead matter of plants, animals, fallen off leaves, excreta and other items.
They release the nutrients that are sequestrated in organic matter into the soil so that it can be used up by the plants.
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repression of stress-induced line-1 expression protects cancer cell subpopulations from lethal drug exposure
In the study, it was observed that LINE-1 repression leads to protection of subpopulations of cancer cells on exposure to lethal drugs.
An evolutionary conserved process that enables population survival under stressful conditions is the maintenance of phenotypic variability within cell populations. it was observed that the drug-tolerant persisters (DTPs), a subset of cancer cells that survives treatment with lethal medicines, have a suppressed chromatin state defined by elevated methylation of histone H3 lysines 9 and 27. (H3K9 and H3K27). It was further observed that H3K9me3-mediated heterochromatin formation regulators have a role in the survival of DTPs and that long interspersed repeat element 1 (LINE-1) is the region of DTPs where the observed increase in H3K9me3 is most significant. Reducing LINE-1 expression or function partially prevents DTP ablation caused by disruption of the repressive chromatin over LINE-1 sites in DTPs.
The findings suggest that epigenetic repression of TEs, including H3K9me3-mediated repression of LINE-1s, is a mechanism by which a subpopulation of cancer cells transiently survive otherwise lethal drug exposures
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ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. this led to selection for longer-necked giraffes.
With shorter necks, giraffe ancestors could not reach food-containing branches on tall trees. This resulted in the directional selection of giraffes with longer necks.
Why is choosing a direction necessary?
It nearly appears obvious that the giraffe's long neck developed as a result of a lack of food in the lower branches of trees. The giraffe has a significant advantage because it is taller than any other mammal and can feed where few others can.
When compared to modern giraffes, the giraffe's ancient predecessors had a shorter neck. The plants that were lying at a higher level were inaccessible to them. Giraffe phenotypes have changed in various ways, and now have long necks to reach vegetation that is higher up. The extreme form is chosen above other features in directional selection. It was decided to choose the long-necked giraffe over the short-necked.
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When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?.
Answer: allow for a more sustained ecosystem
Explanation:
What structural property of dna gave watson and crick the idea that dna replication was likely to proceed via a semiconservative mechanism?.
The complementary nature of base pairing between the two strands of DNA is the structural property of DNA that gave Watson and Crick the idea that DNA replication was likely to proceed via a semiconservative mechanism.
In the field of genetics, we can describe DNA as a structure made of two polynucleotide chains that is responsible for carrying genetic information.
The DNA is made from deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and four nucleotide bases. It is due to the complementary nature of these nucleotide bases that Watson and Crick proposed a semi-conservative model for DNA replication.
As each base present in one strand pairs with the complementary base present on the other strand, hence each strand of the DNA has the capability to become a template strand during DNA replication.
A new strand of DNA is synthesized from each template strand during DNA replication. Hence, two new strands are generated. This is the semiconservative DNA replication.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
What structural property of DNA gave Watson and Crick the idea that DNA replication was likely to proceed via a semiconservative mechanism?
A) The nitrogen content in the bases
B) The complementary nature of base pairing between the two strands
C) The repeating nature of the sugar-phosphate backbone
D) The helical shape of the double strand
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One primary advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that ________.
Answer:
light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy
Explanation:
One big advantage of light microscopes is the ability to observe living cells. It is possible to observe a wide range of biological activity, such as the uptake of food, cell division and movement. Additionally, it is possible to use in-vivo staining techniques to observe the uptake of colored pigments by the cells.
which action is caused by gravity? glaciation glaciation frost wedging frost wedging mass wasting mass wasting aeolian bands
Mass wasting is caused by gravitational force.
The motion of soil and rock down the slope under the action of gravity is called mass wasting.
The most common examples of mass wasting are the downward flow of debris from a mountain, slubs, and rock falls.
Usually, these events occur as a result of an earthquake or seismic activity.
However, such events are initiated by frequent rainfall, volcanic activity, shaking, land sliding, weak slope surfaces, and storm waves. etc. Excessive precipitation is also one of the primary reasons behind the mass wasting process.
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why is the δg of atp hydrolysis in the cell about twice as great as the δg of atp hydrolysis in a test tube under standard conditions?
The δg of ATP hydrolysis in the cell about twice as great as the δg of ATP hydrolysis in a test tube under standard conditions because in the cell the reaction is catalyzed by enzymes whereas in the test tube the reaction occurs on its own (spontaneously).
ATP hydrolysis is the reaction in which the breakdown of ATP occurs. This breakdown releases energy which is then used by the various processes of the body. This energy is due to the high energy phospho-anhydride bonds in the ATP.
Enzymes are the biological catalysts that fasten up the rate of reaction. This increase in the rate of reaction is fur to the reduction in the activation energy of the chemical reaction.
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type ii restriction enzymes, such as ecori, that make staggered cuts within its recognition sequence, are considered more effective in biotechnology because..
Type II restriction enzymes, such as Ecor I, that make staggered cuts within its recognition sequence, are considered more effective in biotechnology because they result in cohesive or sticky ends.
What is Ecor I and why are sticky ends important?Ecor I is a kind of restriction enzyme which is obtained from Escherichia coli. The palindromic sequence recognized by this enzyme is 5' - GAATTC - 3'. It makes the following cuts between G and A on both the strands of the DNA to form sticky ends:
5' - G↓AATTC - 3'
3' - CTTAA↑G - 5'
Sticky ends are a fragment of DNA which is produced through a staggered cut, by the use of restriction enzyme. In this the terminal portion stretches with unpaired nucleotides. These kind of ends are easy to ligate when rDNA needs to be formed.
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dendrites are question 13 options: a) the layer of fat cells that encase and insulate the neuron. b) the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells. c) treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body. d) located inside the cell body.
Dendrites are (b) the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells.
Dendrites are the fine finger-like projections of the neurons. They arise from the cell body appearing like the branches of a tree. The function of these dendrites is to establish connections with other neurons and communicate with them.
Neuron is the nerve cell. The function of nerve cell is to send and receive the signals from and to the brain respectively. The nerve cell is the longest cell in the body. It structure comprises of a cell body with dendrites emerging from it. From one end of the cell body arises the long axon that has an axonal terminal at the end.
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if a tree grew more than 3 feet during the year, how much more likely is it that the tree was at most 50 yards from the river? show all of your work.
According to the statement, It will take 50 years for the tree to grow 150 ft.
What explains the growth of the tree?
First, the measurement supplied in yards is translated to feet using the necessary dimensional analysis so that the tree may grow away from the river.
According to the information,
(50 yards) x (3 ft / 1 yard) = 150 ft
The value calculated is to be divided by the given rate,
n = 150 ft / (3 ft/year) = 50 years
Therefore, it will take 50 years for the tree to grow 150 ft.
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what type of traps did the urban ecologist chris j. schell use that has motion sensors to take pictures of wildlife
Answer: wildlife remote trigger camera traps
Explanation:
61. casares, d.; escribá, p. v.; rosselló, c. a., membrane lipid composition: effect on membrane and organelle structure, function and compartmentalization and therapeutic avenues. int j mol sci 2019, 20 (9).
Biological membranes are essential components for the upkeep of cell physiology and architecture.
What is the role of biological membrane?Beyond serving as a simple barrier to keep the cell's inside from its exterior, the plasma membrane also initiates intracellular signals, acts as a framework for cell-to-cell communication, and has additional purposes. The compartmentalization of the plasma membrane into lipid microdomains, which regulates the location and beneficial interactions of proteins involved in the transmission of cell signals, is essential for this function. In addition, additional membranes that are tightly regulated in terms of integrity and homeostasis and that govern the identity and function of the many organelles split cells into compartments.Learn more about the biological membrane with the help of the given link:
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Introductory microbiology laboratories are usually designated as which biosafety level?.
The correct answer is level BSL-1 or BSL-2.
Infectious agents or toxins that are not known to reliably cause disease in healthy humans are studied in BSL-1 labs.
In order to safeguard personnel, the environment, and the general public in a laboratory setting, protective measures are identified using biosafety levels (BSL).Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)
Infectious agents or toxins that are not known to reliably cause disease in healthy humans are studied in BSL-1 labs. They don't need any specialized tools or architectural characteristics and adhere to standard microbiological practices, which are fundamental safety standards. Surfaces that are simple to clean and resistant to the common chemicals used in the lab are examples of standard engineering controls in BSL-1 facilities.Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
Infectious agents or toxins with a moderate level of risk that could be dangerous if accidentally inhaled, eaten, or exposed to the skin are studied in BSL-2 facilities. Design specifications for BSL-2 laboratories must have automated closing and locked doors, eye washing stations in case of mishaps, and hand washing sinks. BSL-2 laboratories must also have access to decontamination tools, such as an autoclave, an incinerator, or another technique, depending on the results of the biological risk assessment.Hence, correct answer is BSL-1 or BSL-2.
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polishing the occlusal surfaces of the teeth differs from polishing the smooth surfaces in what way?
Answer:
Bristle brushes are employed for occlusal surfaces to clean fissures
Explanation:
norwitz ng, sota-mota a, kaplan b,etal.the lipid energy model: reimagin-ing lipoprotein function in the context of carbohydrate-restricted diets. me-tabolites 2022; 12:460.
Norwitz ng, sota-mota a, kaplan b,etal.the lipid energy model: reimagin-ing lipoprotein function in the context of carbohydrate-restricted diets. me-tabolites 2022; 12:460.
Lean people may additionally gather a lipid profile with raised LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels and reduced triglycerides once they comply with carbohydrate-confined diets (CRDs) (TGs). This lipid profile's intensity is correlated with BMI, therefore people with lower BMIs display extra rises in both LDL-C and HDL-C. Lean Mass Hyper-Responders (LMHR) is a subset of people who, while having normal pre-diet LDL-C, as shown by way of the inverse relationship between BMI and adjustments in LDL-C and HDL-C on CRD, reply to weight reduction by increasing their HDL-C and LDL-C ranges. revealed a big hyperlipidemic reaction to a CRD, with imply LDL-C and HDL-C degrees growing to 320 and 99 mg/dL, respectively, within the context of mean TG of forty seven mg/dL, in preference to non-LMHR (suggest values of 148 and 145 mg/dL, respectively). once more, with very regular pre-eating regimen LDL-C and the absence of genetic evidence suggestive of familial hypercholesterolemia in those who've been examined, some LMHR may have LDL-C ranges above 500 mg/dL.With carbohydrate restriction in lean people, the elevated dependence on fats as a metabolic substrate drives elevated hepatic secretion and peripheral uptake of TG contained inside very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), resulting in marked elevations of LDL-C and HDL-C and coffee TG, in step with the Lipid power version (LEM), which targets to give an explanation for this metabolic phenomenon. right here, we undergo the LEM's predominant characteristics. We examine various strains of current research that aid the model and make guidelines for a way to test its predictions.To learn more about the lipid Energy Model here:-
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21. An offspring of two parents had an extra chromosome in its karyotype. The most likely cause of this condition would have
been (1 point)
A.a point mutation
B.translocation
C.nondisjunction
D.a nonsense mutation
The correct answer is option C. non-disjunction.
An aberrant number of chromosomes in all cells, known as aneuploidy, or in some cells, known as mosaicism, are caused by nondisjunction. Trisomy of autosomes, or chromosome 21, is the cause of Down's syndrome where an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present. A point mutation is a type of genetic modification in which only one nucleotide base from the DNA or RNA sequence of an organism is altered, added, or removed. Example, a single point mutation in the beta hemoglobin gene is the primary cause of sickle cell anemia. Hence, its incorrect. Translocation is a phenomena that causes chromosomes to reorganize themselves in an unexpected way. Hence, its incorrect. When a DNA sequence alteration results in a stop codon rather than a codon that specifies an amino acid, it is known as a nonsense mutation. A truncated protein that is probably useless is produced as a result of the new stop codon's existence. Its also incorrect.Hence, the correct answer is C. nondisjunction.
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the process by which specificity and diversity is generated among genes coding for t cell receptors (tcrs) and b cell receptors (bcrs) is:
The process by which specificity and diversity is generated among genes coding for t cell receptors (tcrs) and b cell receptors (bcrs) is: receptor diversity .
The exonuclease trimming of germline genes, V(D)J recombination, and the random insertion of non-template encoded nucleotides are basically identical procedures that are used to create the B cell receptor (BCR) and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires.
The degree to which an immune response can distinguish between different antigenic variations is known as specificity. A straightforward method determines the relative affinity of T cell receptors or pure antibodies for various antigens.
The variety of various cell types that make up a tissue or organism is referred to as cell type diversity.
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About twenty-five of the ninety-two natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these twenty-five elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen About 96 percent of biological matter is made up of four of these twenty-five components.
What components makes up matter?Atoms are the microscopic basic building block of all stuff. The different shapes that matter can take depend on how the atoms are arranged. These are the so-called "states of matter." Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states that are most common on Earth.
Why is matter important?Even if they are live or inanimate objects. Everything around us is made up of matter, which is significant because it cannot be generated or destroyed but only altered.
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whose work in genetics showed that certain non-pathogenic bacteria could change and become pathogenic
Frederick Griffith experiment explained that the non-pathogenic bacteria can become the pathogenic bacteria via Horizontal gene Transfer.
By the horizontal gene transfer involves the transfer of pathogenic vector DNA to the non-pathogenic bacteria which result the conversion of non-pathogenic bacteria to pathogenic bacteria.
Horizontal Gene Transfer- The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria (apart from those that are passed from parent to child) is a result of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which also promotes the development of pathogens.
Pathogen- An organism that infects its host with disease is referred to as a pathogen, and the severity of the disease symptoms is referred to as virulence.
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