Vertebrate evolution has been punctuated by way of three episodes of huge gene or genome duplication, which have been linked with the foundation of vertebrates, gnathostomes and teleosts, respectively. These three events coincide with bursts of character acquisition and increases in phenotypic complexity, and many researchers have recommended a causal relationship between the two. However, this pattern is derived from statistics for residing taxa only; we argue here that, when fossils are taken into account, bursts of character acquisition disappear and gen(om)e duplication in vertebrate phylogeny can no longer be correlated with the foundation of physique plans. If patterns of persona acquisition or morphological gaps between greater taxa are a reflection of phenotypic complexity, then extra inclusive statistics units incorporating fossil taxa provide no assist for hypotheses linking gen(om)e duplications and the evolution of complexity in vertebrates.
Vertebrates are animals that possess a vertebral column and/or notochord at any factor in their lives.” One of the methods existence is classified is thru the presence or absence of the vertebrate. Vertebrates and invertebrates developed from a common ancestor that was speculated to have lived around 600 million years ago.
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regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
The Circulatory system regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
What is Circulatory system?
To obtain oxygen into the blood, the circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood from the heart to the lungs. The remainder of the body receives oxygenated blood from the heart via arteries. Oxygen-depleted blood is returned to the heart by veins to restart circulation.
The human body is a tremendously intricate structure with numerous organ systems, including the brain, which regulates all bodily functions, lungs, which assist in gas exchange, and kidneys, which filter out waste products. However, the circulatory system controls all of these since blood is a fluid that keeps the body free of any materials that are not necessary for the body.
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10: discuss the normal functions of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that are frequently mutated in breast cancer and how mutations in these genes contribute to oncogenesis.
Oncogenes are the main genes that contribute to the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells, whereas tumor-suppressive genes prevent cancer from developing.
What are oncogenes?An oncogene is a mutated gene with the ability to cause cancer. A proto-oncogene is a gene that regulates normal cell division before it becomes mutated into an oncogene.
When a tumor suppressor gene is inactivated due to a mutation, the protein it encodes is not produced or functions improperly, which can lead to uncontrolled cell division.
Such mutations may play a role in the development of cancer.
Thus, this way oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes mutations are frequently resulted in breast cancer.
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Is the force per unit area exerted on a blood vessel wall by the blood, and it fluctuates with the alternating contraction and relaxation of the ventricles.
Blood pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a blood vessel wall by the blood, and it fluctuates with the alternating contraction and relaxation of the ventricles.
Inside the walls of blood vessels, the force per unit area exerted by blood flowing within is referred to as Blood pressure. Ventricular alternating contraction and relaxation brings about variation in blood pressure. During contraction, the pressure will be higher than during relaxation.
A multitude of factors influence blood pressure, including the volume of blood pumped by the heart and the diameter of the arteries through which the blood flows. In general, increased blood pressure means more blood pumped and a narrower artery. Blood pressure is measured both while the heart contracts (systole) and when it relaxes (diastole). Systolic blood pressure is measured when the heart ventricles contract while the ventricles are used to calculate diastolic blood pressure when they are relaxed.
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The graph shows the relative enzymatic activity among four different enzymes. Which enzyme would be most efficient in an environment where the pH level can fluctuate between acidic and basic?
The graph shows the relative enzymatic activity among four different enzymes. The enzyme that would be most efficient in an environment where the pH level can fluctuate between acidic and basic is Enzyme C
This is further explained below.
What is an Enzyme?Generally, a material that is generated by a live creature and works as a catalyst to bring about a certain biochemical process in order to bring about the reaction.
In conclusion, The graph presents information on the relative levels of enzymatic activity shown by four distinct enzymes.
Enzyme C is the enzyme that would be the most effective in an environment with a pH level that may shift between acidic and basic.
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IS NEEDED ASAP
What number would you divide by to calculate the MEAN of the following numbers:
33, 42, 67, 88, 99, 101, 124
5
7
3
Answer: 7
Explanation: In order to get the mean of a group of numbers, you need to divide by the AMOUNT of numbers in the group. In your case, There are 7 two digit numbers. Meaning you need to divide by 7! Hope this helps!
Brett touches a bottle of soda to determine if it is cold. He realizes it is very cold. He removes his hand.
Which option correctly describes how the nerve signals in the scenario were processed?
Signals detected by receptors in Brett's fingers sent a chemical message along his nerve cells to his spinal cord. In his spinal cord, the message that the soda bottle was cold was processed. This. message was sent along nerve cells to his hand, where the decision was made to move it.
Signals detected by receptors in Brett's fingers sent a chemical message along his nerve cells to his brain. In his brain, the message that the soda bottle was cold was processed. This message was sent along nerve cells to his hand, where the decision was made to move it.
Signals detected by receptors in Brett's fingers sent an electrical message along his nerve cells to his
brain. In his brain, the message that the soda bottle was cold was processed. The decision to remove his hand was then made. This message was sent along nerve cells to his hand.
Signals detected by receptors in Brett's fingers sent an electrical message along his nerve cells to his spinal cord. In his spinal cord, the message that the soda bottle was cold was processed. The
decision to remove his hand. was then made. This message was sent along nerve cells to his brain, which moved the hand
The correct answer is option 1. which defines the functioning of a somatic reflex.
The neuronal pathway from the first perception of a stimulus to the reaction, such as the movement of a limb, is known as a somatic reflex arc. Afferent, or sensory, neurons in the CNS carry information from a sensory organ to muscle cells via the fundamental pathway. The efferent, or motor, neurons then get this information.A sensory input from the environment, such as touching a cold soda bottle, is the initial step in the response arc. Then, afferent neuron transmits this sensory information. Action potentials, which are electrical impulses brought on by ions moving in and out of the neuron, are the means through which information moves through a neuron.Chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters transport the information to the next neuron through a synapse.The information may transit through an interneuron or link directly from an afferent neuron to an efferent neuron at the spinal cord. Through the neuromuscular junction, the efferent neurons transfer information to the muscle cells via neurotransmitters, resulting in muscle contraction and movement. This motion will cause the hand to be removed from the bottle of cold soda.Hence, correct answer is option 1.
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true or false: the three protective membranes that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal are the mesenteries.
The three protective membranes that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal are the mesenteries. This statement is false because mesenteries are the fold of membrane which attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and helps to hold it in place.
Although Meninges are the three layers of protective membranes that protect cranial cavity and vertebral canal or the brain and spinal cord.
Therefore, three protective membranes that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal are the Meninges which main function is to to protect the central nervous system (CNS) and give protection to the brain and spinal cord. Also it ensure the tight anchoring of the CNS to surrounding bones, and provide stability.
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Which organ secretes enzymes that break down all three energy-yielding nutrients?.
Answer: The pancreas.
Explanation: The pancreas secretes enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients and releases bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme that enters the small intestine.
What often occurs at tectonic plate boundaries? 1:increasing air pressure b:thinning of the biosphere c:mountain building D:increased erosion
Answer:
increased erosion
Explanation:
The impact of the colliding plates can cause the edges of one or both plates to buckle up into a mountain ranges or one of the plates may bend down into a deep seafloor trench.
If something contains carbon, it is called___________ and if something does not contain carbon, it is called_______________. independent, dependent living, non-living matter, energy organic, inorganic
6) Complete the following concept map.
Positive
Atom
Neutrons
Electron clouds
1. nucleus 2. protons 3. electrons 4. neutral 5. negative.
Atoms, which are minuscule bits of matter, are what distinguish each chemical element from the others. A negatively charged core nucleus and one or more orbiting electrons make up an atom. There may be the positively charged, somewhat massive protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus. The atom is the smallest piece of stuff. Its center is a "nucleus," or positively charged region. Additionally, electrons with negative charges surround the core nucleus. Despite being the smallest unit of matter, an atom nonetheless possesses all of an element's chemical properties. Atoms initially formed 13.7 billion years after the Big Bang.
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in general, what is the relationship between a country's ecological footprint and its overall standard of living?
It is the direct relationship between a country's ecological footprint and its overall standard of living, i.e., The ecological footprint rises along with the level of living.
Ecological footprint- Simply explained, ecological footprint is a byproduct of human activity and is based on the quantity of biologically productive land and water required to produce the goods we use and to consume the waste we produce.
Commodities- A commodity is a basic good used in commerce that may be traded for other things of the same sort. Commodities are typically used as starting points for the production of other goods and services.
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correlating nuclear morphology and external force with combined atomic force microscopy and light sheet imaging separates roles of chromatin and lamin a/c in nuclear mechanics
When nuclei migrate through narrow channels or are compressed by the act of cap, they frequently experience external atomic stress, and the mechanical characteristics of the nuclei control how they deform as a result.
What is Atomic force microscopy?
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a method for studying a rigid material's surface all the way down to the atomic level. AFM creates 3-D images of the surface and uses a mechanical probe to magnify surface characteristics up to 100,000,000 times.
Researchers will be able to comprehend the force on nuclei throughout various biological processes according to the proven relationship between particular forms of nuclear morphological change and applied force.
Therefore, atomic force microscopy and light sheet imaging separates roles of chromatin and lamin a/c in nuclear mechanics.
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without clean water, more than 1a million women lose their lives every year. increased disease is apparent in the 44 million pregnant women with sanitation-related hookworm, which causes maternal anaemia and preterm births
Without clean water, more than 1a million women lose their lives every year with sanitation-related hookworm, which causes maternal anaemia and preterm births.
What is the relation between hookworm and anemia?In regions where hookworm incidence is greater than 20% and anemia prevalence is larger than 40%, routine preventative chemotherapy for pregnant women after the first trimester is advised, as was already mentioned. In places above and below this guideline threshold, a subset analysis of the effects of maternal hookworm infection on anemia was conducted. Pregnant women with hookworm infection had a higher likelihood of having anemia than pregnant women without hookworm, as would be expected in locations where the prevalence of hookworm is more than 20% P 0.001. Intriguingly, pregnant women with hookworm infection had a higher chance of having anemia with a cOR of 6.07, P 0.001, in regions where the prevalence of hookworm was less than 20%.
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describe 3 ways that the two types differ. what do you think is the biggest misconception between the 2 cells
Cells are classified into two types: bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells. Though prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have different shapes (see prokaryote, eukaryote), their molecular contents and activity are extremely similar. Nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides are the most important compounds in cells. Cells are classified into two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
A nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells. A nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are found in eukaryotic cells. This enables these cells to perform complex functions. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are the two main types of cells. Bacteria and archaea are examples of prokaryotic cells.
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if ctenophores are sister to all animal taxa, excluding cnidarians and placozoans, then: select all that apply. the anatomical complexity of ctenophores arose independently of what is found in other eumetazoan groups. none of the answer options is correct. the nervous system of ctenophores evolved independently of other animals. ancestral sponges exhibited morphologic complexity seen in other eumetazoans.
if ctenophores are sister to all animal taxa, barring cnidarians and placozoans.
Ancestral sponges had the morphologic complexity observed in other EumetazoansCtenophores' anatomical complexity developed independently of those of other Eumetazoan species.Plazozoans lost radial symmetry.Ctenophora: Are they dangerous to people?Although comb jellies do not hurt people, they have a disastrous impact on the surrounding ecosystem.They have no current predators in the Adriatic Sea. Comb jellies, which reproduce quickly, consume anchovy eggs and larvae as well as plankton resources.Do ctenophores have stinging?Ctenophores, often referred to as Venus's girdles, sea gooseberries, sea walnuts, or comb jellies, are ferocious predators. They lack stinging cells, in contrast to cnidarians, with which they superficially resemble in some ways. Instead, ctenophores have colloblasts, which are sticky cells that help them grab prey.learn more about ctenophores here
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intranuclear expression of progesterone receptors in smooth muscle cells of renovascular fibromuscular dysplasia: a pilot study." annals of vascular surgery vol. 29,4 (2015): 830-5. doi:10.1016
In this pilot study, from Immuno histochemical staining intense progesterone receptor expression has been detected in the nuclei of smooth muscle cells fibromuscular dysplasia patients.
The finding suggest that progesterone plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of FMD and help in genetic and therapeutic approaches.
what is the role of progesterone ?progesterone is Produced by the ovaries other wise called as pregnancy hormone as it helps a woman's body achieve and maintain pregnancy.
Progesterone prepare the uterus ready to accept and maintain a fertilized egg and during menstrual period progesterone level is usually low for first few days.
This hormone is produced in the corpus luteum of the ovaries, which is a temporary gland that’s produced after the release of an egg from the ovary, progesterone can also be produced by adrenal glands and the placenta.
High levels of progesterone do not show negative health effects as it is naturally reach high levels during pregnancy.
Low level of progesterone can affect both menstrual cycle and fertility, it’s harder for fertilized egg to develop and grow during low progesterone level.
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cells with class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) proteins that contain a foreign antigen will be destroyed after:
Cells with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins that contain a foreign antigen will be destroyed after being bound by cytotoxic T cells.
Cytotoxic T cells destroy cells with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins that contain a foreign antigen. The cytotoxic T cells stimulate the membrane attack complex (MAC), bound by helper T cells releasing histamine.
Antigen presenting cells contains MHC. MHC is found in all cells in the body except the red blood cells. When the cytotoxic T cells encounter MHC, they treat it as foreign and react against it based on the MHC types.
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ASAP What are some different ways large or small distances can be measured?
You can measure them in inches, feet, yards, meters, kilometers, or in miles.
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new species can form through allopatric or sympatric speciation. which of the mechanisms will act more strongly on populations that are initially separated in allopatry than on those initially separated in sympatry? reinforcement gene flow genetic drift disruptive selection
new species can form through allopatric or sympatric speciation. the mechanisms of genetic drift will act more strongly on populations that are initially separated in allopatry than on those initially separated in sympatry.
What is genetic drift ?In a population, genetic drift refers to a shift brought on by chance in the frequency of an already present gene variant. Gene variations could completely vanish due to genetic drift, which would limit genetic diversity. Furthermore, it may lead to the widespread spread and even fixation of previously rare alleles.
Why does it happen?The term "genetic drift" refers to haphazard changes in the population's gene variation frequency. Genetic drift occurs throughout time when the frequency of different alleles, or variable forms of a gene, fluctuates randomly. Allele frequencies are changed to account for these variations in allele presence.
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after renin has changed the protein in milk int a white solid, protease enzymes can be used to digest the protein. the digested protein forms a colourless liquid. a hypothesis stated: the optimum temperature for protease enzymes to digest changed milk protein is 37 degrees Celsius. describe a method that could be used to test this hypothesis
Enzymes called proteases break down proteins. Plasmin is the main protease found in milk. Heat can either inactivate some proteases or not. Protein breakdown can provide unpleasant off-flavors that are undesirable, or it can give cheese a nice texture as it ages.
Enzymes, usually referred to as biocatalysts, are biological catalysts that quicken metabolic reactions in living things and can be taken out of cells. Protein-degrading enzymes are referred to as proteases. These enzymes are produced by bacteria, fungus, plants, and mammals. Proteins in the body or on the skin are broken down by proteolytic enzymes. This may aid in digestion or the breakdown of proteins that contribute to inflammation and pain.
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different populations of cd11b dendritic cells drive th2 responses in the small intestine and colon
Unique populations of cd11b dendritic cells force th2 responses inside the small intestine and colon.
CD11c, also known as integrin alpha, is the maximum widely used defining marker for dendritic cells. CD11c can bind complement and mediate phagocytosis in vitro, for which it's also known as supplement receptor 4. He showed that beef broth may be sterilized with the aid of boiling it in a swan-neck flask, which has a long bending neck that traps dirt debris and different contaminants earlier than they attain the body of the flask.
The small intestine did now not putrefy, even though it had access to air. to reply to the objection that some important precepts in the culture itself were destroyed, Pasteur once more heated the sealed flask, however, this time broke the neck above the bend in order that air may want to enter at once. The way of life is putrefied.
Louis Pasteur is credited with conclusively disproving the idea of the spontaneous era with his well-known swan-neck flask experiment. He sooner or later proposed that lifestyles most effective come from life.
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structure-activity relationship study of indole-2-carboxamides identifies a potent allosteric modulator for the cannabinoid receptor 1
The cannabinoid receptor is worried about complicated physiological features. the invention of CB1 allosteric modulators generates new possibilities for drug discovery focused on the pharmacologically crucial receptor.
A group of indole-2-carboxamide analogs had been synthesized and assessed for allostery of the receptor. We observed that in the structure of indole-2-carboxamides, the presence of the indole ring is favored for preserving the modulator's high binding affinity for the allosteric website, but not for generating allostery at the orthosteric website.
The endo cannabinoid receptor is composed of a minimum of two G-protein coupled receptors, and, a group of endogenous lipid ligands, and numerous catabolic and anabolic enzymes that are worried in the biosynthesis and degradation of the endogenous ligands.
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pigs are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, both of which can be present in an individual pig at the same time.
Avian influenza A (bird flu) viruses that can be present in an individual or in pig at the same time
Avian influenza or the bird flu refers to the disease which caused by the infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. These viruses was naturally spread among the wild aquatic birds the worldwide and can be infect domestic poultry and other bird and some animal species. the new poultry outbreaks in the Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, the Iowa, and the Montana, as well as the more positive tests in the wild birds. And the World Health Organization (WHO) provided updates on the human avian flu that cases in Colorado and in China
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Red Team: Students wanted to show the importance of photosynthesis in their daily life, so they put a plant in isolation to test the amount of oxygen in its surroundings. What do you think they noticed ? How did that happen in your opinion ?
They noticed that the amount of oxygen in the surrounding environment increases because of the photosynthesis process of plant.
What would happen in the surrounding of plant?In the surrounding of plant body, the amount of oxygen increases while on the other hand, the concentration of carbondioxide gas decreases because plants perform the process of photosynthesis. We know that in the process of photosynthesis, carbondioxide gas is consumed by the plant from the surrounding environment in order to produce glucose as well as oxygen gas. Glucose is stored in different parts of the plant body whereas some oxygen is used by the plant while the remaining amount is released in the atmosphere.
So we can conclude that they noticed that the amount of oxygen in the surrounding environment increases because of the photosynthesis process of plant.
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There are 7 x 10 to the 6th power red blood cells in 1.0mm to the third power of blood. How many red blood cells are in one liter of blood?
Answer: step 1 = 1.0mm= (1x10^-6) L
1.0mm= (1x10^-6) L
So , (1x10^-6) x (7.0x10^6)
=7
There are 7 red blood cells in one liter of blood.
The Punnett square for a sex-linked trait is shown. Xr is the recessive allele. Based on the Punnett square, which statement is true?
Female offspring have a 50 percent chance of expressing the recessive trait.
Both male offspring will express the recessive trait.
Both female offspring will express the recessive trait.
There’s a 50 percent chance the male offspring will express the recessive trait.
The Punnett square is done to represent a cross between two indiviuals and get the expected genotypic and phenotypic frequencies. D) There’s a 50% chance the male offspring will express the recessive trait.
What is a Punnett square?
The Punnett square is a representation of a cross between two individuals, in which gametes combination is shown.
From this representation, it is easy to calculate the expected genotypic and phenotypic frequencies among the progeny.
In the exposed example, the correct option is D. There’s a 50% chance the male offspring will express the recessive trait.
There are two ways in which you can analyze the results of this cross,
- by considering the whole progeny as a 100% or
- by considering each of the genders separately (males or females) as 100%.
The expected frequencies will vary according to how you make your interpretation.
From the whole progeny,
50% are expected to be females50% are expected to be males.75% are expected to express the dominant trait (XrX, XX, XrY)25% are expected to express the recessive trait (XrY)Considering ONLY females
100% of the females are expected to express the dominant trait, X-.50% of the females are expected to carry the recessive allele, XXrConsidering ONLY males
50% of the males are expected to express the dominant trait, XY50% of the males are expected to express the recessive trait, XrYOPTION D: 50 percent chance the male offspring will express the recessive trait.
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Which of these is TRUE?
A. DNA must unwind before it can replicate.
B. Ribosomes control DNA replication.
C. DNA replication occurs outside the nucleus.
D. DNA replication only occurs once per day.
The statement which is true is Ribosomes control DNA replication. Thus, option B is correct.
When the Super helical activity of DNA is seen?Super helical activity of DNA is seen in replication during absence of topoisomerase will cause DNA to become more and more wounded by positive sigma which denotes the percent of DNA supercolied and wound and the same negative sigma denotes the percent of DNA remained to be unwounded in presence of isomerase.
The DNA unwinding has stopped 600 base pairs ahead of sigma value 0.14 that means 1.4% of DNA is still needs to be unwounded and in other case with sigma value of 0.06 means around 0.6% of DNA needs to be unwounded and it is over wounded and it is ahead of around 2500 base pairs of DNA.
Therefore, The statement which is true is Ribosomes control DNA replication. Thus, option B is correct.
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the natural antibodies in serum that react with a or b polysaccharide antigens are mostly of the class
The natural antibodies in serum that react with a or b Polysaccharide antigens are mostly of the class IgM.
Due to their T-lymphocyte-independent (TI) character, polysaccharide antigens are usually poor immunogens. Lack of T-lymphocyte memory, isotype limitation, and delayed ontogeny are frequently used to describe the anti-polysaccharide immune response.
Due to their structural resemblance to human glycolipids and glycoproteins, several bacterial polysaccharides are poor immunogens in humans. By conjugating the native or depolymerized polysaccharide to a protein carrier, the T-lymphocyte-independent character of a polysaccharide can be overcome.
Due to its greater activation of the complement system, the IgM class of antibodies detects a wide range of pathogenic antigens and is extremely active in cytotoxic and cytolytic events. Antibody-drug discovery can use IgM antibodies.
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5. Sickle-Cell Anemia (SCA) is a recessive inherited disorder. Cross two individuals who are heterozygous for SCA.
provide a Punnett Square and write out the genotype and phenotype probabilities of the offspring.
After the crossing of two heterozygous Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) individual, the genotype will be 1:2:1, where as the phenotype will be 3:1.
The Genotype ratio is SS:Ss:Ss:ss which corresponds to 1:2:1.
SS- No SCA Individual,
Ss- Only Carrier,
ss- Affected Individual
The phenotype ratio is SS:Ss:Ss:ss which corresponds to 3:1.
SS- Not Affected
ss- Affected
Sickle Cell Anemia- Two genes that encode for hemoglobin "S" are inherited by people with this kind of SCD, one from each parent. The aberrant type of hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S makes red blood cells stiff and sickle-shaped. This condition, often known as sickle cell anemia, is typically the most serious one.
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