It's true, on a phylogenetic tree, each node (branchpoint) represents a divergence event, and the length of the branches represents the number of molecular changes that have taken place between the nodes.
Phylogenetic tree :A phylogenetic tree is a visual representation of how different creatures have evolved over time. Phylogenetic trees are theories, not proven truths. A phylogenetic tree's branching structure demonstrates how different species or other groupings have developed from a common ancestor or ancestors.
Types of Phylogenetic TreesRooted tree - Speculate about the tree's leaves or branches' most recent common ancestor.Un-rooted tree - Don't assume anything about the most recent common ancestor; instead, use an example involving leaves or branches.Bifurcating tree - A rooted bifurcating tree takes the form of an unrooted binary tree, a free tree with exactly three neighbors at each internal node, whereas an unrooted bifurcating tree takes the form of an unrooted binary tree, a free tree with exactly two descendants arising from each interior node (that is, it forms a binary tree).To know more about ancestor visit :
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describe how podocytes are structurally suited for their function
what is the what
Explanation:
Your little brother found a strange object and brings it to you in a jar.
he is sure it is alive, describe three scientific observations you could
make to help you decide whether it's a living organism or not.
Answer:
Is it moving?
Is it breathing (the movements became slower because there's more carbon dioxide in there now)?
Is it eating? (Give it a fruit or a vegetable or a meat)
A student performed an experiment to see if water temperature affects the level of activity in aquatic snails. The student set up four tanks with five snails in each tank. All four of the setups were identical in every way, except for the temperature of the water. In order to make the conclusions more valid, the student could.
In order to make the conclusions more valid, the student could use a large number of snails.
The accuracy and validity of a research's findings are influenced by the size of the sample taken from the population of interest. The following method for calculating sample size to be selected during a research can be used to calculate the influence of sample size:
(Z - score)² × SD × (1 - SD) / ME² = Sample size
Where Z-score ⇒ confidence level
SD ⇒ Pre-determined standard deviation
ME ⇒ Margin of error.
The sample size has an inverse relationship with the margin of error. As a result, the error margin decreases as the sample size increases and vice versa.
By using more snail samples in each of the tanks, the student might have improved the validity of the research's findings.
Therefore, using a larger number of snails would improve the conclusion. This is because the quantity of snails tested raises the validity of a research report. The validity of the claim is higher and more credible if 10 snails rather than 5 are more active in warmer water.
Thus, option 4 is the right answer.
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A student performed an experiment to see if water temperature affects the level of activity in aquatic snails. The student set up four tanks with five snails in each tank. All four of the setups were identical in every way, except for the temperature of the water. In order to make the conclusions more valid, the student could:__________
(1) alter the pH of the water
(2) change the size of the tank
(3) carry out the experiment for a shorter period of time
(4) use a larger number of snails
since cells are filled with water, what would happen to biologically important molecules if they were held together with ionic bonds?
Ionic bonding involves electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged ions, and can significantly enhance the binding strength of biomolecules immobilized to materials.
A chemical link known as an ionic bond occurs when an electron is transferred from one atom to another. Ionic bonding requires the presence of an electron acceptor and an electron donor, which is frequently a metal (often a nonmetal). Electrovalence is the process of moving electrons. A positive ion, also known as a cation, is created when an atom loses one or more electrons. The other atom that picks up one or more electrons will change into a negative ion known as an anion. The elemental name is modified by adding a -ide at the end to designate the ion that accepts the electron. For instance, the name of the anion of chlorine is chloride while the anion of sulfur is sulfide.
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research with split-brain patients led michael gazzaniga to conclude that the typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors. please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices somatic nervous system left cerebral hemisphere right cerebral hemisphere autonomic nervous system
Left cerebral hemisphere
Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Sperry carried out the Split-Brain investigation. When Sperry and Ronald Myers discovered that each hemisphere functioned independently as if it were a full brain after the two hemispheres were excised, this discovery served as the impetus for the investigation (Gazzaniga). Prior to doing the study, the researchers' knowledge of the subject was based on Sperry and Myers' discovery, findings from studies of animals, and accounts of people who had had "brain-splitting" surgery. The goal of the study was to see if, in individuals with epilepsy who had had surgery, the hemispheres could function independently of one another when they were divided.
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the loss of tooth substance by a chemical process that does not involve known bacterial action is known as: group of answer choices erosion. attrition. bruxism. enamel hyperplasia.
The correct answer is Option A) Erosion.
When there is a loss of tooth substance due to a chemical process that does not involve bacterial action it is known as erosion.
What is erosion of teeth?Dental erosion or tooth erosion is the chemical loss of mineralized tooth substances which is caused due to exposure to acids which is not derived from oral bacteria.
There are two ways of fixing tooth erosion:
Tooth Bonding: In the milder cases of enamel erosion, bonding can be used. Here, it is a cosmetic procedure and a resin which matches the teeth is applied to the damaged tooth. It is later polished and trimmed to fit the mouth.Tooth Crowns: In severe cases of dental erosion, dental crowns are preferred. It involves capping the tooth with a new one in order to protect the damaged teeth.To know more about dental erosion, visit:
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which choice forms the organic portion of soil? sand sand microorganisms microorganisms dead plants dead plants clay
The organic part of the soil is made up of the dead plants. This is so that dead plants can be turned into mulch and earth, both of which are beneficial to new growth. This is the reason why compost is such a significant concern. It's because it's organic and excellent for plants.
What are microorganism?A live organism that needs a microscope to be seen. Microorganisms include things like bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Viruses are not considered to be living organisms, yet they are sometimes classified as microorganisms.
Which five different kinds of bacteria are most common?Viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungus, and protists are the five main groups of microorganisms despite their truly remarkable diversity.
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What factors contributed to the world's overall population growth in the last 150 years?
Increases in a population's or a dispersed group's membership are referred to as population growth. Around 83 million people, or 1.1% of the world's population, are added every year.
Reason for increase in population:
Maternity rates:
The World Population Prospects research from the UN predicts a reduction in worldwide fertility from 2.5 children per woman in 2019 to 2.2 in 2050.
Extension of longevity:
Recent decades have seen a significant increase in life expectancy, and this trend is expected to continue: in 2050, it is predicted to reach 77.1 years (currently around 73).
Migration from abroad:
Although it has less of an impact than the first two, this component is nonetheless important. In fact, newcomers may have a longer life expectancy in those nations that took in large numbers of refugees or economic migrants (between 2010 and 2020, fourteen countries or regions had a net influx of more than one million).
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a mutation in the dna that changes the sequence of a codon but does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein describes a .
A mutation that affects only the DNA sequence and not the amino acid sequence is known as a silent mutation. Introns, which are spliced off prior to translation, are susceptible to silent mutations.
Several mutagens, or compounds that alter the DNA sequence, can generate silent mutations, Mutations are caused by living things or processes that support life. For example, certain viruses insert copies of their genetic code into the DNA of their hosts. Silent mutations are typically not the outcome of such extensive change.
Chemical mutagens are chemicals that interact with DNA to chemically change the nucleotides.
Base analogues are substances that resemble nucleotide bases structurally. These may result in base-pair mismatches that are integrated into the DNA sequence of the mutation, leading to silent (and other) mutations.
High-energy radiation that physically alters or breaks the DNA strand is known as a physical mutagen.
Thymine dimers, which are created by UV exposure, disrupt DNA replication and cause further errors. Silent mutations are not usually produced by this.
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Snails and beetles have exoskeletons. Hypothesize the advantages and disadvantages of having an exoskeleton rather than a backbone. Explain your answer in one or two sentences.
NOTE: i will edit your answers a little to avoid plagiarism and getting the answer wrong.
The advantages of exoskeleton in snails and beetles is that exoskeleton in both snail and beetles has a hard covering which serves as a great defense
It however, also helps them to protect their inner organs such as kidney against injury.
The disadvantage of exoskeleton in both snail and beetles is that It doesn't allow them to stretch or expand
In order words, exoskeleton in both snail beetles and in most animals generally has a hard covering which serves as a great defense.
What is exoskeleton?Exoskeleton can simply be defined as that skeleton which is found externally in the body animals.
In living organisms, there are three types of skeleton which is found generally in animals. These skeleton types are as follows:
EndoskeletonExoskeletonHydrostatic skeleton or fluid skeletonSo therefore, please be well informed that the advantages of exoskeleton in snails and beetles is that exoskeleton in both snail and beetles has a hard covering which serves as a great defense
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How are scientific inferences are drawn from scientific observations? Provide examples from your lab work and what you've learned about cells.
Inference is what we draw from observations, whereas observation is what we perceive when something occurs. Hence they are interrelated.
What are Observation and Inference?An observation is a practice of observing someone or something closely while it's happening and learning from it. Inference is the process of drawing a reasonable conclusion from known facts or conditions.Based on firsthand experience, observation is made. Unlike inference, which is predicated on known facts.Example from lab work:
To ensure that all the starch is consumed, place a healthy potted plant in a dark room for 48 hours.Now, secure one of the plant's leaves with a paper clip to a black piece of paper.For around six hours, keep this plant in direct sunshine.Pick the uncovered and covered leaves off the plant, respectively.The leaves should be briefly submerged in boiling water.Now submerge the leaves in an alcohol-filled beaker.Put this beaker carefully in a water bath and heat it until the alcohol starts to boil.Take note of the solutions and leaves colors. With lots of fresh water, wash the leaves.Now soak the leaves for a few minutes in the iodine solution.Compare the observations of the color of the leaves.Observation:
Alcohol solution turns green when leaves are boiled in it, while the leaves lose their color.When iodine solution is applied to leaves, (a) a leaf coated in black paper did not exhibit any color changes. (b) Another leaf that wasn't coated in black paper turned blue-black when dipped in diluted iodine solution.Inference:
Starch is created by plants during photosynthesis.Since the leaf cannot receive sunlight when it is covered, no starch was created in the leaf.Iodine solution turns blue-black when starch is included. Iodine solution was applied to the covered leaf, but no color change was noticed. It means that this leaf did not produce any starch.The exposed leaf received sunshine for six hours, but when iodine solution was applied, the color turned blue-black.This demonstrates that photosynthesis depends on sunshine.To know more about observation and inference visit:
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spongiform encephalopathies are caused by infectious proteins. this information indicates that the infectious agent is a(n)
Spongiform encephalopathies are caused by infectious proteins, and this information indicates that the infectious agent is a prion because infectious proteins replicate by converting a normal cellular protein into multiple copies of the prion.
As we know, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), commonly called spongiform encephalopathies which, is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent and it affects the brain and nervous system of animals.
Therefore, the presence of an infectious agent called prion on the surface of a normal protein cell makes it an abnormal prion cell, and this clump in the brain and causes brain damage. Gradually with time, it increases and makes the animal mad, and this is scientifically called a neurological disorder called Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
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the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system controls the rate at which the heartbeats. sympathetic (fight or flight) signals speed up the heart’s rate while parasympathetic (rest and digest) signals slow it down. with which part or parts of the heart do you think sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons form synapses? explain your reasoning.
the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system controls the rate at which the heartbeats. sympathetic (fight or flight) signals speed up the heart’s rate while parasympathetic (rest and digest) signals slow it down. The part or parts of the heart that forms sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons form synapses is called cardiac plexus.
Cardiac plexus is a plexus of the nerves that are present at the base of the heart and is divided into superficial and deep part. The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves form synapses with heart in the form of cardiac plexus.
The sympathetic nerves are responsible for activating flight or fight mode while parasympathetic nerves are responsible for restoring the normal body state.
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5. Regular exercise helps remove buildup of plaque on artery walls by increasing blood flow
through arteries. Which of the following describes a long term effect of regular exercise on the
cardiovascular system?
A. Decreased blood pressure due to reduced resistance.
B.
High blood volume caused by the widening of the artery.
C. Increased blood pressure due to prolonged high blood flow.
D. Increased risk for diseases caused by reduced blood pressure.
According to the research, the correct option is A. Decreased blood pressure due to reduced resistance is a long term effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system.
What are regular exercises?Activities such as walking, jogging and swimming are some of the most common physical exercises, which are carried out frequently to preserve or optimize physical condition.
In this sense, it is recommended to strengthen the cardiovascular system with aerobic exercises that improves vascular responses by stimulating vasodilation and blood vessels increase their length and diameter thus lowering blood pressure.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is A. Decreased blood pressure due to reduced resistance is a long term effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system.
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The _____ of the amino acid has the greatest influence on the overall structure of a protein.
The R group is the portion of an amino acid that has the biggest impact on the overall structure of a protein.
The arrangement of the amino acids that make up a protein determines its form. The folding of the amino acid chains, or tertiary structure, is determined by the sequence of amino acids, or primary structure.A basic amino group (NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (COOH), and an organic R group (or side chain) that is specific to each amino acid make up an amino acid, an organic molecule.The R group on an amino acid is only a phrase used to describe the variable group on each amino acid. All amino acids share a common amino acid framework.The R-structural group's characteristics affect the chemical's reactivity and the amino acid's solubility.In conclusion, the R group of an amino acid is the component that has the biggest impact on the overall structure of a protein.Learn more about amino acids here:
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what is a difference between homo habilis and homo erectus? group of answer choices homo habilis has a large face and large brain case homo erectus has a smaller face relative to the brain case homo habilis has a more modern body plan than homo erectus homo erectus generally has a smaller brain capacity than homo habilis.
Answer:
homo erectus had a bigger brain than homo habilis and made more advanced stone tools
Explanation:
homo erectus was taller and more robust than homo species measuring about little over four feet.
you discover a new microbe while working on a citizen scientist project. the microbe is taken to a lab that specializes in placing organisms in their correct phylogenic niche. in order to determine its evolutionary relatedness to other microbes, the lab carries out
SSU rRNA analysis
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus are members of the order Glomales and are difficult to distinguish by hyphal morphology. The fungus present in the host or soil may be effectively identified using PCR. On a few sequences of a variable region in the SSU rRNA gene, several of the primers that have been utilized were developed. We analyzed 51 partial Glo males SSU rRNA gene sequences from 33 glomalean isolates to confirm the specificity of primers of this kind that have been utilized in previous studies and to offer data for future primer design.
Each DNA was confirmed by phylogenetic studies in order to differentiate pollutants from the AM fungus (AMF). 39 species were represented in the 88 sequences from 58 isolates that were analyzed together with sequences from the EMBL database.
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a spirochete moves in a screw-like manner that is mediated by axial fibrils located in the cell's periplasmic space.
Axial fibrils in the periplasmic region of a cell control the spirochete's screw-like movement through the septum cross.
Gram-negative, mobile, spiral bacteria with a length of 3 to 500 m (1 m = 0.001 mm) are known as spirochetes. Depending on the species, spirochetes can have 2 to more than 100 endocellular flagella (axial fibrils, or axial filaments) per organism. Spirochetes, such as the Borrelia, Treponema, and Leptospira species, have specialized flagella that are found in the periplasm. Spirochetes are a collection of six species of spiral-shaped, thin bacteria of varied length that swim ahead in a corkscrew-like motion thanks to the spinning of the periplasmic flagella. They either live freely or are attached to a host.
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4. Tay-Sachs is a recessive inherited disorder. Cross one carrier for the Tay-Sachs allele with one who is not a carrier.
provide a Punnett Square and write out the genotype and phenotype probabilities of the offspring.
Tay-Sachs sickness is resulting from a trouble in a infant's genes which means their nerves prevent running properly. A infant can handiest have it if each mother and father have this defective gene.
Ay–Sachs sickness is resulting from a genetic mutation withinside the HEXA gene on chromosome 15, which codes shape a subunit of the hexosaminidase enzyme called hexosaminidase . It is inherited from a person's mother and father in an autosomal recessive manner.As the sickness progresses, improvement slows and muscle tissue start to weaken.
Over time, this ends in seizures, imaginative and prescient and listening to loss, paralysis, and different fundamental issues. Children with this shape of Tay-Sachs sickness normally stay only some years.This circumstance is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern , because of this that each copies of the gene in every mobileular have variants.
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Are we as individuals, a country or the world able to live sustainable ?
Answer:
Researchers broke down sustainable development into categories such as carbon dioxide emissions and use of natural resources like nitrogen, phosphorus and clean water. Bad news, Earthlings: It may be possible for everyone on the planet to live a “good” life.
Explanation:
Sustainability improves the quality of our lives, protects our ecosystem and preserves natural resources for future generations.
Sustainable living means understanding how our lifestyle choices impact the world around us and finding ways for everyone to live better and lighter. Applying a 'people lens' to sustainability is new, timely and opportunities are great.
Ivan pavlov conducted an experiment where he wanted to train his dogs to drool at the sound of a bell. Which one of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?.
In Ivan pavlov experiment food is the unconditioned stimulus and dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned stimulus.
What is unconditioned response stimulus?
In classical conditioning, an unconditioned response occurs naturally in reaction to unconditioned stimulus. For example smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus and feeling of hunger in response to smell is an unconditioned response.
Here Ivan pavlov conducted experiment with dogs which salivated in response to a bell ring. Pavlov fed the dog by ringing the bell each time, the dog learned to associate the sound with the presentation of food.
Pavlov noticed that the dogs physical reactions to food subtly changed over time. At first dogs would salivate only in the presence of food but after conducting experiment dogs gets addicted to the sound which was rang before it is fed with food.
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pretreatment of colitic mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium (dss) with tff2 reduces expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (vcam-1), an adhesion molecule that mediates leukocyte recruitment
Due to its anticoagulant qualities, dextran sulfate sodium (dss) decreases the formation of vascular cells.
Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a pharmacologic colitogen with anticoagulant characteristics, is used to elicit illness in the most used mouse model of colitis. DSS is a negatively charged, water-soluble sulfated polysaccharide with such a molecular weight range of 5 to 1400 kDa. The use of 40–50 kDa DSS in drinkable water causes the most severe mouse colitis, which most strongly matches human UC. Although the exact method by which DSS causes intestinal inflammation is unknown, it is most likely the outcome of damage to the large intestine's epithelial monolayer, which allows proinflammatory intestinal contents, such as bacteria and their products, to spread into underlying tissue.
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gpfeifer m, kugler kg, sandve sr, zhan b, rudi h, hvidsten tr, et al. genome interplay in the grain transcriptome of hexaploid bread wheat. science. 2014;345:1250091.
Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum is an allohexaploid that originated by hybridization between a cultivated tetraploid wheat(Triticum turgidum L.) and the wild goatgrass (Aegilops).
Approximately 20% of calories are consumed by humans which are provided by Allohexaploid bread wheat because highly similar bread wheat genomes (A, B, and D) and lack of genome sequence for the three homeologous have delayed the analysis of the grain transcriptome.
In the developing wheat grain to analyze the cell type of homeologous genes plus endosperm development, to identify distinct co-expression clusters reflecting the spatiotemporal progression, unknown genome information was used. which led to the observation of that stage-dependent genome dominance and cell type, asymmetric expression in gene families, and the wheat genome into transcriptionally active chromosomal regions, are related to the baking quality.
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Brainless to the best answer.
Are meteorites renewable? If so in what way?
How many moles of liquid iron will be produced from 1.08 moles of iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3?
monogamous behavior is characteristic of which of these primate species? a. chimpanzee b. orangutan c. gibbon d. baboon
Monogamous behavior is characteristic of the primate species: (c) gibbon.
Monogamous behavior is where a single male and a single female mate only with each other. They do not have multiple partners. This behavior is observed between organisms within the same species. This behavior is observed in swans, birds, gibbons, bats, etc.
Primate is an order of the class Mammalia. They are characterized by larger brains, slow growth, long lifespan and few number of offspring. Primate possesses the most intellectual organisms. Their hands are meant for grasping and have great extent of movement in their shoulders. The examples are: humans, apes, lorises, etc.
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which characteristic helps distinguishes deuterostomes from protostomes? group of answer choices embryological origin of the mouth from blastopore ability to form a blastopore mesodermal migration ectodermal appendages
The characteristic that helps distinguish deuterostomes from protostomes is (a) embryological origin of the mouth from blastopore.
Deuterostomes are the organisms in which the mouth develops from the opening other than the blastopore (the first opening). In deuterostomes the anus forms from the blastopore. The example of deuterostomes is: vertebrates (and thus humans), sea stars, and crinoids.
Protostomes are the organisms in which the mouth develops from the blastopore. Their anus is formed after the formation of mouth. Examples are: arthropods, molluscs, annelids, flatworms and nematodes. Both protostomes and deuterostomes have a common ancestor called Ediacaran, a worm-like aquatic animal.
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If all life has dna, and dna is made up of the same four nucleotides, how is it possible that each individual organism is so different?.
It is simply the order in which these smaller molecules are arranged that differs among individuals
Four nucleotides can be combined in how many different ways?The four nucleotides included in mRNA, A, U, G, and C, can form a total of 64 distinct combinations due to the codons' three-letter structure. Of these 64 codons, 61 correspond to amino acids and the final three to stop signals that signal the completion of protein synthesis.
Most genes are the same in all people , but a smaller number of genes are slightly different between people. Alleles are forms of the same genes with small difference in their sequence of DNA bases.
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matthew j. everly. cardiac transplantation in the united states: an analysis of the unos registry. clinical trans- plants, pages 35–43, 2008.
Cardiac transplantation in the united states: an analysis of the UNOs registry is a research paper by Matthew J. Everly.
What is the abstract?For people with advanced heart disease, cardiac transplantation is a crucial choice. The number of heart transplants carried out annually in the US is around 2,000. Due to a shortage of contributors, this figure has stayed fairly steady. Coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy were the two main causes of cardiac transplants prior to the last 20 years, however dilated cardiomyopathy has since replaced coronary artery disease as the leading factor.
With the introduction of more recent immunosuppressive drugs, survival rates have increased (tacrolimus and mycophenolate). For 43,906 heart transplants, the median survival time was around 9 years. The survival rate was still declining at 20 years, reaching only 10%. Seven-year survival rates were 59%, 62%, and 65%, respectively, for patients who received heart transplants between 1998 and 1994, 1995 and 2000, and 2000 and 2007.
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Controlling osmosis is important in helping a cell maintain
___________ which is a stable internal environment.
Answer:
I think it might be water balance or Homeostasis