Reconstruction of motor control circuits in adult drosophila using automated transmission electron microscopy
Numerous animals navigate and interact with their surroundings by moving their limbs in unison.
We mapped synaptic connections throughout a neural network that regulates limb motions using serial-section electron microscopy (EM) in order to understand the circuit principles underlying locomotor behavior. We offer a dataset of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of an adult female Drosophila melanogaster with synapse resolution.
We created GridTape, a method that combines automated serial-section collection with automated high-throughput transmission EM, to produce this dataset.
We rebuilt 507 motor neurons using this dataset, including all of the ones in charge of the legs and wings. We demonstrate a new feedback system for quick limb control in which a certain class of leg sensory neurons directly synapses onto the largest-caliber motor neuron axons on both sides of the body.
To enable the matching of cells between EM and light microscopy data, we make the dataset and reconstructions available to the public.
To help the scientific community acquire large-scale EM data more easily and affordably, we also offer GridTape instrumentation designs and software.
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What would most likely happen if airborne pollution blocked the sun’s rays so significantly that only 5% of plants survived?
1 . The atmosphere would fill with carbon dioxide, and animals would begin to die.
2. The atmosphere would fill with oxygen, and animals would begin to die.
3. All animals would evolve to use a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration.
4. All animals would evolve to begin using carbon dioxide as a food source
When the airborne pollution blocked sun's rays and only 5% of the plants survive then the atmosphere will fill with the carbon dioxide gas and all the animals will begin to die. Thus, correct option is A.
What is Air Pollution?Air pollution is the contamination of the environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. The changes in the amount of various gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. can be observed. Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common air pollutants.
Plants are responsible for fixing carbon dioxide and thereby controlling the air pollution. If the air pollutants block the sun's rays plants could not survive and thus all the animals would eventually die due to lack of oxygen and increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Therefore, A is the correct option.
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sometimes you hear that only a small minority of different bacterial species cause diseases in humans or animals. are there reasons for thinking that this might not be true.
The proposed idea is true. This is because:
The human body is a sophisticated ecology that is prospering. In addition to human cells, it also contains bacterial, fungal, and protozoan cells, which comprise thousands of microbial species. These microorganisms, also known as the normal flora, are typically restricted to particular body parts, such as the skin, mouth, large intestine, and vagina. Humans are also constantly infected with viruses, the majority of which just sometimes or never cause symptoms.Typically, pathogens are distinct from the native flora. Only when our immune systems are compromised or when they get access to a typically sterile area of the body do our normal microbial residents cause problems.For example, a perforation in the bowels might enable the native gut flora to enter the peritoneal cavity resulting in peritonitis.Dedicated pathogens, on the other hand, don't need the host to be hurt or have their immune system impaired. They have created highly sophisticated methods for overcoming cellular and biochemical barriers and for inducing particular reactions in the host organism that aid in the pathogen's survival and growth.So, some pathogens might make humans and animals sick.
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inactivation of microcystis aeruginosa by peracetic acid combined with ultraviolet: performance and characteristics
Bacterial Inactivation by Peracetic Acid and UV Irradiation: Mechanism and Improvement
Because of its strong biocidal effects and low production of hazardous byproducts, peracetic acid (PAA) is becoming a more popular disinfectant for the treatment of municipal wastewater. In order to increase disinfection, this study examined the inactivation of gram-negative Escherichia coli, gram-positive Enterococcus durans, and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis by combining PAA with UV concurrently (UV/PAA) or sequentially (PAA-UV/PAA). The quantitative evaluation of the contributions of several processes (UV, PAA, reactive radicals (primarily •OH and CH3C(O)OO•), and the synergistic effect of all related mechanisms) to the total inactivation under UV/PAA.
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label the diagram cell biology
Answer:
There are two types of cells - Prokaryotic and Eucaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are larger, more complex, and have evolved more recently than prokaryotes. Where, prokaryotes are just bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes are literally everything else. From amoebae to earthworms to mushrooms, grass, bugs, and you.
Explanation:
what is luster?? need help please
When you consume foods, digestion begins in the mouth where the chewed food encounters this enzyme. True or false?.
Answer: True
Explanation:
buffon used a bowl of hot soup cooling and eventually being full of microbial life to illustrate what?
Buffon used a bowl of hot soup cooling and eventually being full of microbial life to illustrate that probably spontaneous life origin on Earth as it cooled.
How Buffon explained spontaneous appearance of life on Earth?Buffon (1707-1788), a french naturalist proposed that the debris flung out from a comet’s collision with the sun became the planets including the Earth. He maintained that life had a past, just like Earth had. Like many other Enlightenment thinkers, he believed that under the right circumstances, it could be generated by spontaneous lives. Buffon asserted that enormous amounts of life were produced from disordered organic matter and that it all began with microbial life forms after the hot oceans of the early Earth began to cool. According to Buffon, the "internal mould" that ordered the biological components that made up each individual species at the beginning of time separated life into a variety of distinct forms.
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diphtheriae and pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Streptococcus pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.
Gram positive Bacteria- The color that gram-positive microbes acquire when stained is used to identify them. Hans Christian Gram created the staining method in 1884. The crystal violet dye employed in the staining procedure is retained by the thick peptidoglycan cell wall seen in gram-positive organisms.
Peptidoglycan- The cytoplasmic membrane of the majority of bacterial species is covered in a dense substance known as peptidoglycan. It protects bacterial cells from environmental stress and aids in maintaining cell shape throughout the life cycle. Peptidoglycan synthesis plays a crucial part in regulating bacterial cell cycle.
The given question is incomplete, find below the complete question.
------------diphtheriae and -------------pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.
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How does the size of the fetal face relate to the cranium? how does this compare to the adult skull?.
The face is foreshortened and it is overshadowed by the large cranium. While the mandible and maxillae are very tiny.
Cranium is the outer layer that protects the skull. It consists of three parts: the frontal bone, occipital bone, and two parietal bones.
The frontal bone is a single bone that transforms into a forehead and it is positioned atop the eyes' orbit.
The frontal bone also forms both sides of the upper jawbone or maxilla. While the two parietal bones form the top and side of the human skull.
They also take part in forming the largest part of the upper jawbone like the frontal bone.
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What hormone, released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, acts to raise blood glucose back to normal?.
Glucagon is the hormone released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, and acts to raise blood glucose back to normal.
The pancreas is the site in the body of an individual that plays a major role in the regulation of sugar levels.
When the sugar levels in the bloodstream are high, the pancreas produces insulin in order to maintain the sugar levels in the blood.
On the other hand, when the blood glucose level is low, glucagon is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas.
There are various ways in which glucagon helps the body in producing glucose. It helps the body in converting stored glycogen into glucose. Also, glucagon plays an active role in stimulating the production of glucose from amino acids in low glucose conditions.
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What two features do biogeochemical cycles have in common.
Answer:
The same atoms are recycled over and over in different parts of the Earth. This type of cycle of atoms between living and non-living things is known as a biogeochemical cycle. All of the atoms that are building blocks of living things are a part of biogeochemical cycles.
Explanation:The same atoms are recycled over and over in different parts of the Earth. This type of cycle of atoms between living and non-living things is known as a biogeochemical cycle. All of the atoms that are building blocks of living things are a part of biogeochemical cycles.
Describe the origin of the oceans?
The coperican model of the solar system was a ____ model in which Earth_____ . Planets _____ and the stars____.
Answer:
was a heliocentric, Earth was just another planet, Planets travelled along a circular path, stars floated in outer space.
Explanation:
what is heterogeneous
Which is a function of the lymphatic system?
regulating hormones
maintaining body temperature
maintaining fluid balance
distributing oxygen
Explanation:
Which is a function of the lymphatic system?
Maintaining fluid balance...
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list the similarites between amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars(monosaccharides).
The similarities between amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars include the following below:
They are organic compounds.They are formed by the digestion of food. Some of them can be produced by the body. What is a Biomolecule?This is referred to as a biological molecule and are substances which are produced by cells and living organisms. Examples include the following:
CarbohydrateNucleic acidFatty acid etcThey all contain carbon atoms present in their molecular structure which is why they are referred to as organic compounds and can be produced by the body through some metabolic reactions.
Food substances serves as a source for these biomolecules as they are usually broken down through enzymatic actions in the process referred to as digestion.
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What is the main thing that drives water to move up from roots through the stem or trunk and to the leaves in plants?.
As water molecules from plant leaves evaporate, they attract the water molecules that are still present in the plant, aiding in the movement of water from the roots up through the stems. The water in a plant is transported from the bottom to the top by the combined effects of transpiration and capillary action.
Water molecules ascend up the cellulose tubes from the roots to the leaves because they tend to cling together (cohesion) and stick to the walls of tubes (adhesion). The water from the leaves then evaporates, aiding in the root system's ability to absorb additional water. We call this mechanism capillary action.Water and minerals travel upward from the roots through the xylem due to a negative water potential gradient created by the evaporation of mesophyll cells in the leaves. Small perforations between vessel elements must be made to reduce gas bubbles in the xylem since they can obstruct water flow in the plant.Learn more about Xylem here:
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Which two sentences taken together provide the
BEST evidence to support the idea that many
nutritious alternatives exist within each of the food
groups?
The five food groups include:
Starchy foodFruit and vegetablesProteinDairyFatFoods are combined into groups because they offer comparable levels of the essential elements found in that food group. For instance, calcium and protein are important elements for the food group that consists of milk, yoghurt, cheese, and substitutes, but the fruit category is a strong source of vitamins, particularly vitamin C.You must consume a variety of foods from each of the five food categories every day in the prescribed amounts if you want to consume the recommended levels of nutrients to maintain excellent health.Additionally, it's crucial to eat a variety of meals from each of the Five Food Groups because different foods contain different amounts of the essential elements.For instance, the vitamin A content of orange vegetables like carrots and pumpkin is much higher than that of other vegetables like white potatoes in the food group of vegetables and legumes.Learn more about nutrition here:
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for the name streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (streptococcus) indicates the and gives information about the shape of the organism.
S pyogenes is a typically 0.6-1.0 mm-diameter, round to ovoid coccus. They split into pairs or chains of different lengths (particularly in liquid media or clinical material) because they divide in a single plane.
What is Streptococcus pyogenes ?A species of aerotolerant, gram-positive bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus is called Streptococcus pyogenes. These bacteria are extracellular and composed of cocci (round cells), which are not spore-producing or motile and frequently form chains.
Several illnesses, including pharyngitis, skin infections, acute rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, a toxic shock-like syndrome, and necrotizing fasciitis are brought on by the Gram-positive bacterium streptococcus pyogenes.Learn more about Streptococcus pyogenes here:
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How many covalent bonds exist between the g-c complementary base pairs between two strands of dna?.
Zero covalent bonds exist between the g-c complementary base pairs between two strands of DNA
Covalent bond does not exist between nitrogenous base pairs rather 3 hydrogen bond exists between g-c base pair. Rather, covalent bonds tightly link the bases, sugars, and phosphate groups (both within and between components)
DNA consists of nitrogenous bases paired by hydrogen bonds. The nitrogenous base has unique complementarity, that is, Adenine only pairs with Thymine, and Guanosine only pairs with Cytosine. DNA base pairs are bonded by hydrogen bonds and not ionic or covalent bonds. Cytosine and guanosine are bonded by three hydrogen bonds unlike adenine and thymine bonded by two hydrogen bonds. The third hydrogen bond between cytosine and guanosine is to increase stability and decrease bond energy required for the DNA structure. It also further contributes to cytosine-guanosine favorability in the double helix DNA structure.
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the endoplasmic reticulum (er) serves as a the endoplasmic reticulum (er) serves as a protein shuffle transpiration area transportation highway chloroplast retrieval site
Endoplasmic reticulum serves as transpiration area. The correct option is B.
What is endoplasmic reticulum?The endoplasmic reticulum is basically a large, dynamic structure in the cell that results in aiding several functions including as calcium storage, protein synthesis, along with lipid metabolism.
The various functions of endoplasmic are carried out by distinct domains, which encompass tubules, sheets, as well as the nuclear envelope.
The endoplasmic reticulum can be either smooth or rough, and its function is usually to generate proteins that enables the rest of the cell to perform their tasks.
Ribosomes, which are minute, round organelles that compose proteins, are located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Cell divisions within the stratum __________ replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off.
Answer:
Cell divisions within the stratum germinativum replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off.
Explanation:
The epidermis in vertebrates is made up of four layers. these layers protect the skin and keep it hydrated. Because the bottom cell layer regularly germination (forming) new cells, it has also been called as the stratum germinativum. Cells like melanocytes are present inside the basal cell layer. Within stratum germinativum, cells divide. One cell is still present while another is forced up near the surface. Tonofilaments, which seem to be filaments of keratin, are first produced by basal cells. The germinal cells required for the renewal of the epidermal' layers are provided by the stratum germinatum (SG). On top of the basal lamina, it is made up of a single sheet of long, plain, columnar epithelial cells.
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Cell divisions within the stratum germinativum replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off.
The stratum germinativum, also known as the stratum basale, is the deepest layer of the epidermis and provides the germ cells that are necessary for the regeneration process of the epidermal layers, replacing the more superficial cells that end up dying and falling off.
What is a cell?A cell is the most basic and smallest form of life that exists in a living being, its parts are the membrane, the cytoplasm and the organelles including the nucleus.
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After ricks are changed by the processes of weathering and erosion they become?
After rocks are changed by the processes of weathering and erosion they become sediments.
Weathering include wind and river which changes the bigger rocks into smaller ones. Erosion and weathering combined then convert it into sediments.
The rain which is acidic in nature when drops on the rocks, it starts to erode the rock. These smaller rocks then mix with substances like sand and become sedimentary rocks.
There are two types of sedimentary rocks; the first one is known as detrital rock made up of rock fragments, and sediment and the second one is known as chemical rock made from the dissolution and precipitation of minerals.
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Identify 4 things that len peters from trinidad did to help leatherback turtles come back in the caribbean.
His early involvement in turtle conservation knowledgeable him at the endangered reputation of the leatherback turtle. He additionally discovered that his village changed into a unique area due to the fact it's far one of the few webweb sites globally, wherein those turtles nonetheless nest and it has the very best nesting density for leatherbacks withinside the world.
The intake of those turtles for meals changed into a norm with the humans of Grande Riviere, however while Mr Peters satisfied them that their network could advantage extra from the creatures being alive than dead, his organization changed into capable of regularly hold a secure area for extra than 20,000 turtles to nest annually.Reduce marine particles which can entangle or be by accident eaten via way of means of sea turtles.
Participate in coastal clean-ups and decrease plastic use to preserve our seashores and ocean clean. Trash withinside the ocean can damage sea turtles and different creatures that stay there.He’s a person who has acquired severa accolades and popularity for his paintings and has quietly constructed a popularity as the person who “saves the turtles” in Grande Riviere, Trinidad.
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A type of membrane protein that is integrated into the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
Integral membrane proteins are integrated into the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
Integral membrane proteins are kind of proteins which has particular functional regions and are inserted into the plasma membrane.
This membrane has a hydrophobic region that helps them to get attached to the hydrophobic central part of the phospholipid bilayer.
In many organisms, these comprise large portions of the genome.
Transmembrane proteins are categorized as integral membrane proteins but not all IMPs are TMPs.
To put it simply, these membranes are found around organelles and cells and help out in the movement of molecules or fluids across them.
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blue eyes result from a recessive trait. james and pamela both have brown eyes, although they are heterozygous for the trait. which is the probability their offspring will have blue eyes?100%
The probability of their offspring having blue eyes is 50%.
What is Gene?The term "gene" has a variety of meanings in biology. The molecular makes up a gene of DNA nucleotides that are transcribed to generate a functional RNA, while the Mendelian gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Genes that code for proteins and noncoding genes are the two different categories of molecular genes.
DNA is first replicated into RNA during gene expression. A protein that fulfills a function can be directly generated from the RNA or it can serve as the intermediary template. Phenotypic qualities are passed down through gene inheritance from an organism to its progeny. Different DNA sequences known as genotypes are made up of these genes. The phenotypes are determined by the genotypes as well as by environmental and developmental variables.
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When does puberty usually begin in girls and in boys?
Why did Margaret Mead disagree with Hall's theory?
Answer: She believed it was was culturally dependent, adolescents is a highly enjoyable time of life in many
Explanation:
in the lungs, an increase in what factor allows the plasma in the blood to cross the membrane and occupy space in the tissues in and around the alveoli?
In the lungs, an increase in permeability allows the plasma in the blood to cross the membrane and occupy space in the tissues in and around the alveoli.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli of the lungs and enters the capillaries that surround the alveoli. Red blood cells contain the respiratory pigment hemoglobin, which binds reversibly to oxygen (approximately 98%) in the air (RBCs). When oxygen reaches the tissues, it separates from hemoglobin and diffuses into the tissue's cells. RBCs transport oxygen to the tissues. More specifically, alveolar PO2 in the alveoli is higher than blood PO2 in the capillaries (40 mm Hg; PALVO2 = 100 mm Hg). Due to the presence of this pressure gradient, oxygen diffuses down it, leaving the alveoli and entering the capillaries' blood where it binds to hemoglobin.
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A(n) __________ monitors blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain. a. ct b. mri c. tms d. fmri please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
An fMRI monitors blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain.
fMRI is an abbreviation of functional magnetic resonance imaging that is used to show which areas of the brain are active while performing a specific task. Blood contains magnetic properties that change depending on how much oxygen it contains. When there is a change in the oxygen levels, the magnetic field changes slightly. This affects the protons close to the blood vessels in a way that can be measured with the fMRI scanner. When there are fewer red blood cells carrying oxygen the signal detected with the scanner is lower and when there are a lot of red blood cells carrying oxygen the signal detected is higher.
In contrast to fMRI, MRI can only be used to view the organs or blood vessels but cannot be used to monitor the blood flow. TMS is an abbreviation of transcranial magnetic stimulation which is a type of therapy usually used in depression cases when other treatments are not successful.
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