The compound(s) that can be used at high concentrations to dampen out electrostatic interactions among amino acid residues are usually small neutral molecules such as glycerol, acetic acid, and ethylene glycol.
Electrostatic interactions between amino acid residues are often stabilized by hydrogen bonds and other covalent interactions. These interactions are sensitive to the surrounding environment and can be disrupted or dampened when exposed to compounds at high concentrations. Small neutral molecules, such as glycerol, acetic acid, and ethylene glycol, can effectively dampen out electrostatic interactions between amino acid residues, allowing them to retain their native conformation.
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calculate the number of moles when 50g of copper (II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles of copper (II) sulfate crystals (CuSO4.5H2O) in 50g, we first need to find the molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O.
The molar mass of CuSO4 is:
Cu: 63.55 g/mol
S: 32.06 g/mol
O (4 atoms): 15.99 g/mol x 4 = 63.96 g/mol
H2O (5 molecules): 18.02 g/mol x 5 = 90.10 g/mol
Therefore, the molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O is:
Molar mass = (63.55 + 32.06 + 63.96 + 90.10) g/mol
= 249.67 g/mol
Next, we can use the formula:
number of moles = mass / molar mass
where mass is the given mass of CuSO4.5H2O, and molar mass is the value we just calculated.
Substituting the values, we get:
number of moles = 50 g / 249.67 g/mol
= 0.2002 mol (rounded to four significant figures)
Therefore, 50g of copper (II) sulfate crystals contain 0.2002 moles of CuSO4.5H2O
prior knowledge questions (do these before using the gizmo.) what important gas do we take in when we breathe?
Answer: The important gas that we inhale when we breathe is oxygen (O2).
It is necessary for the process of respiration. Respiration is a vital process that takes place in all living cells, including human cells. In this process, glucose (sugar) and oxygen are converted into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O).
During the process of inhalation, the air enters the body through the mouth and nose. Afterward, it moves down the trachea and then into the lungs. Once inside the lungs, oxygen molecules pass through the thin walls of the capillaries and into the bloodstream, where it is transported to the rest of the body. Oxygen is essential for the proper functioning of the body.
It is used by the cells to produce energy, which is used to power various biological processes. Without oxygen, our cells would not be able to function, and we would die.
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A container has a pressure of 5,64 atm and a volume of 26.0 L. The volume of the container was decreased until the pressure was 9:17 atm. What is the new volume?
The new volume of the container after the decrease in the former volume would be = 15.99L
How to calculate the final volume of the container?The initial pressure in the container (P1) = 5.64 atm
The final pressure in the container (P2) = 9.17 atm
The initial volume of the container = 26.0 L
The final volume of the container = ?
to
Using Boyle's law formula;
P1V1 = P2V2
5.64 ×26.0 = 9.17 ×V2
make V2 the subject of formula;
V2 = 5.64×26/9.17
V2 = 146.64/9.17
V2 = 15.99L
Therefore, the new volume of the container is 15.99L which decreased due to increase in pressure.
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g a positive benedict's test is indicated by the formation of which of the following? a. cu2o b. cu c. cu2 d. metallic mirror
The formation of a reddish brown color precipitate ([tex]Cu_{2}O[/tex]) is an indication of a positive Benedict's test. The Benedict's test is a chemical test used to identify the presence of reducing sugars, and the formation of brick-red precipitate, indicates a positive result.
The substances tested are usually aqueous solutions of simple sugars (like glucose) or complex carbohydrates (like starch). The result is indicated by the formation of copper oxide (tex]Cu_{2}O[/tex]) or copper (Cu) in a reaction with a solution of Benedict's reagent.
A positive Benedict's test is indicated by the formation of [tex]Cu_{2}O[/tex].The Benedict's test is a semi-quantitative method that is commonly used to detect the presence of reducing sugars in a solution. The copper (II) ions in the Benedict's solution are reduced to copper (I) ions when they react with the reducing sugars, resulting in a precipitate. The copper (I) oxide ([tex]Cu_{2}O[/tex]) precipitate, which is reddish-brown in color, forms when there is a positive Benedict's test reaction.
The correct option is A. [tex]Cu_{2}O[/tex].
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as the temperature increases, the rate of enzymatic reactions can ; however, at extremely high temperatures (95c) the rate will dramatically due to .
As the temperature increases, the rate of enzymatic reactions generally increases as well, because the molecules have more kinetic energy and collide more frequently.
What are enzymes?Enzymes are proteins with specific three-dimensional shapes that are critical to their function. At high temperatures, the increased kinetic energy can disrupt the weak forces that hold the protein's structure together, causing the enzyme to lose its shape and become denatured. Denatured enzymes can no longer bind to substrates, and the rate of enzymatic reactions will drop sharply.
The temperature at which an enzyme denatures depends on the specific enzyme and its optimal temperature range. Some enzymes are adapted to function at very high temperatures, such as those found in thermophilic bacteria that live in hot springs or hydrothermal vents.
However, most enzymes have a more narrow temperature range within which they can function optimally, and extreme temperatures can cause irreversible damage to the enzyme structure.
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a quantity of electric charge deposits 0.732 g of ag(s) from an aqueous solution of silver nitrate. when that same quantity of charge is passed through a solution of a gold salt, 0.446 g of au(s) is formed. what is the oxidation state of the gold ion in the salt?
According to the second law of Faraday, the oxidation number of gold ions is +3.
What is the second law of Faraday?The second law of Faraday is also known as Faraday's law of electrolysis. According to this, the quantity of a substance that is deposited or released during electrolysis is directly proportional to the amount of electric charge that is transported through the electrolyte.
Given information,
Mass of silver (Ag) deposited = 0.732 g
Mass of gold (Au) deposited = 0.446 g
According to this law,
Weight of Ag/Equivalent weight of Ag = Weight of Au/Equivalent weight of Au
0.732/108 = 0.446/196.96 × valency
Since the equivalent weight of Ag is 108g and the equivalent weight of Au is 196.96g.
0.0067 = 0.0022 × valency
Valency = 0.0067/ 0.0022
Valency = 3
Therefore, the oxidation state of the gold ion (Au⁺³) is +3.
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what occurs when aqueous silver nitrate, a g n o 3 , reacts with aqueous potassium sulfate, k 2 s o 4 ?
Answer: A white precipitate of silver sulfate (Ag2SO4) is formed.
Explanation:
When aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) reacts with aqueous potassium sulfate (K2SO4), a double displacement reaction occurs. The cations and anions of the two compounds switch places to form two new compounds, which are potassium nitrate (KNO3) and silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).
AgNO3 + K2SO4 → Ag2SO4 + 2KNO3
The insoluble product of this reaction is silver sulfate (Ag2SO4), which appears as a white precipitate. This reaction is commonly used to detect the presence of sulfate ions in solution, as the formation of the silver sulfate precipitate confirms the presence of sulfate ions.
if the temperature of a gas in a container is doubled, the pressure is . select one: a. reduced by four times b. halved c. increased by four times d. doubled
The temperature of a gas in a container is doubled, the pressure is: option (D) states "Doubled".
The relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas is described by Gay-Lussac's law, which states that if the temperature of a gas in a container is doubled, the pressure is doubled as well. Hence, the answer is (d) doubled.
Explanation:In a closed container, the gas molecules move around randomly, colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. The pressure of the gas is determined by the frequency and force of these collisions, which in turn depend on the speed and number of gas molecules present in the container.
When the temperature of the gas is increased, the kinetic energy of the gas molecules also increases, causing them to move faster and collide more frequently with each other and with the walls of the container. This leads to an increase in the pressure of the gas.
Similarly, when the temperature of the gas is decreased, the gas molecules slow down and collide less frequently, leading to a decrease in the pressure of the gas. This relationship between pressure and temperature is known as the ideal gas law, which is expressed mathematically as:
[tex]P = nRT/V,[/tex]
where P is the pressure of the gas, n is the number of gas molecules, R is the ideal gas constant, T is the temperature of the gas in Kelvin, and V is the volume of the container.
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what chemistry grew out of an ancient study ?
is the green salt more or less soluble in hot than in cold water? how did you utilize this information during the experiment
The green salt is less soluble in hot water than in cold water. During the experiment, this information can be utilized to adjust the temperature of the water to control the solubility of the salt.
The quantity of a substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent is known as solubility. Solubility is dependent on the properties of the solvent, the solute, and the solution. Temperature, pressure, and, in the case of ionically conducting solvents, electric fields also play a role.
Solubility is expressed as the maximum amount of solute that may be dissolved in a particular quantity of solvent at a specific temperature to create a saturated solution. Solubility of green salt, Green salt, also known as copper(II) acetate, is a substance with a solubility of 1.6 g/100 mL in cold water and 1.8 g/100 mL in hot water.
This means that green salt is more soluble in hot water than in cold water, according to the values given in the question. During the experiment, this information on the solubility of green salt in hot and cold water could be utilized to control the solubility of the salt.
Adjusting the temperature of the water to make it colder would increase the solubility of green salt in it, while adjusting the temperature of the water to make it hotter would decrease the solubility of green salt in it.
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The two main factors that determine the climate of a region are
Latitude, altitude, prevailing winds, ocean currents, and the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface all play a role in determining a region's temperature.
What are the two qualities that make up a climate region?Average temperature and precipitation are perhaps the aspects of a region's climate that people are most familiar with. Climates can also be identified by changes in day-to-day, day-to-night, and seasonal fluctuations. For instance, the annual temperature and precipitation in Beijing, China, and San Francisco, California, are comparable.
What are the top two things that influence the weather?Temperature, water (moisture), and light (solar radiation) are the three primary determinants of weather.
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which electronegativities do you subtract to find out if a bond is polar or not in a 3 element compoudn
Answer: To find out if a bond is polar or not in a 3 element compound, you subtract the electronegativities of the two atoms forming the bond.
The difference in electronegativity values will help determine the polarity of the bond. If the difference is large enough, the bond will be polar, and if the difference is small or non-existent, the bond will be nonpolar.
What is electronegativity?
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. It is the property of an atom that shows how strongly it pulls electrons towards itself. When atoms bond with each other, the electrons involved in bonding are not always shared equally.
What is a polar bond?
A polar bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally shared. This results in a slight positive charge on one end of the molecule and a slight negative charge on the other end. In other words, one end of the molecule is more electronegative than the other.
What is a nonpolar bond?
A nonpolar bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are shared equally. This results in no separation of charge across the molecule.
What are the rules for identifying polar or nonpolar bonds in 3 element compounds?
To identify whether a bond is polar or nonpolar, subtract the electronegativities of the two atoms forming the bond. If the difference is less than 0.5, then the bond is nonpolar. If the difference is between 0.5 and 1.7, then the bond is polar. If the difference is greater than 1.7, then the bond is considered ionic.
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g which of the following substances is an integral portion of embalming fluid? a. methanal b. methadone c. ethanal d. ethanol
The substance that is an integral portion of embalming fluid is Methanal. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Methanal, also known as formaldehyde, is a common organic substance that is used as a disinfectant, fumigant, and preservative. It's also employed in manufacturing for the creation of plastics, textiles, and other products. It's a colorless, strong-smelling gas that is highly flammable.
Embalming fluid is a liquid mixture that is used to disinfect, sanitize, and temporarily preserve human remains. It's usually made up of formaldehyde, a variety of other chemicals, and water. This liquid preserves the body by delaying decay and decomposing processes. The fluid is inserted into the body via a small incision or puncture in the skin. When it comes into touch with bodily tissues, it fixes them.
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you are given a sample of kool-aid with an unknown concentration and you measure the absorbance in the spectrophotometer. the absorbance reading is 1.5. approximately what is the concentration of the sample?
Answer: The absorbance reading in this case was 1.5, and using the Beer-Lambert law and the extinction coefficient of the light used in the spectrophotometer, the concentration of the sample was approximately 1.5.
The concentration of a sample of Kool-Aid can be determined by measuring its absorbance in a spectrophotometer. In this case, the absorbance reading was 1.5.
To calculate the concentration of the sample, we must first understand how absorbance is related to concentration. The Beer-Lambert law states that the absorbance of a sample is directly proportional to the concentration of the sample. This means that the higher the concentration, the higher the absorbance, and vice versa.
Therefore, to find the concentration of the sample given its absorbance reading of 1.5, we can use the following equation: Concentration = Absorbance/Extinction Coefficient.
The extinction coefficient is a constant,and can be determined from the wavelength of the light used in the spectrophotometer.
Once we have determined the extinction coefficient, we can calculate the concentration of the sample. Plugging in the absorbance and extinction coefficient into the equation gives us the concentration of the sample. In this case, approximately 1.5.
In summary, the concentration of a sample of Kool-Aid can be determined by measuring its absorbance in a spectrophotometer. The absorbance reading in this case was 1.5, and using the Beer-Lambert law and the extinction coefficient of the light used in the spectrophotometer, the concentration of the sample was approximately 1.5.
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fumes of iodine are produced when potassium iodide is oxidized by concentrated sulfuric acid.Write a correct equation of reaction.
Chemical equation: The reaction can be described by: KI + H2SO4 -> K2SO4 + H2O -> I2 The potassium iodide (KI), which contains iodide ions (I-), is oxidised by the sulfuric acid to produce molecular iodine in this reaction (I2).
What occurs when concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium iodide react?Deep violet vapours with a strong scent would develop when concentrated sulfuric acid was added drop by drop to solid potassium iodide. If concentrated sulfuric acid is gradually introduced to solid potassium chloride, it will not result in the formation of these violet fumes.
In the presence of diluted sulphuric acid, what colour results from the reaction of iodine with potassium iodide?Iodide ions are created when sodium sulphite and potassium iodate combine, and this process also results in the oxidation of iodide ions in an acidic medium.
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how does the average kinetic energy (avg ke) of an ideal gas vary as the molar mass of the gas increases?
The average kinetic energy (avg ke) of an ideal gas varies inversely with the molar mass of the gas.
The formula for average kinetic energy is KE=3/2 kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
According to this formula, the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to temperature.
What is the ideal gas law?The ideal gas law is a combination of Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Avogadro's Law, which are the three laws governing the behavior of ideal gases.
The ideal gas law can be expressed as PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.
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what is the relationship between the unit cell edge length a and the atomic radius r for the body-centered cubic crystal structure?
The relationship between the unit cell edge length a and the atomic radius r for the body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure is known as the packing factor.
The packing factor is calculated as the volume of an atom (πr3) divided by the volume of the unit cell (a3). This relationship can be expressed mathematically as:
Packing Factor = πr3 / a3
The packing factor can be used to determine the size of the unit cell for a given atomic radius. A larger atomic radius will result in a larger unit cell.
The inverse is true as well, meaning that a smaller unit cell will have a smaller atomic radius.
The BCC crystal structure is one of the most efficient packing structures, as it has a packing factor of 0.68, meaning that 68% of the unit cell volume is occupied by the atoms.
This is the highest packing factor of all the common crystal structures.
In conclusion, the relationship between the unit cell edge length a and the atomic radius r for the body-centered cubic crystal structure can be expressed as a packing factor.
The packing factor is used to calculate the size of the unit cell for a given atomic radius, and the BCC crystal structure is one of the most efficient packing structures.
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is the term used to describe the loss of a hydrogen and a halogen from an alkyl halide. the product of the reaction is a(n) .multiple choice question.addition; alkyl halidedehydrohalogenation; alkaneaddition; alkenedehydrohalogenation; alkene
Dehydrohalogenation is the term used to describe the loss of a hydrogen and a halogen from an alkyl halide. The product of the reaction is an alkene.
The term used to describe the loss of a hydrogen and a halogen from an alkyl halide is dehydrohalogenation. The product of the reaction is an alkene. Dehydrohalogenation is a type of organic reaction in which a hydrogen halide (HX) is removed from an organic molecule, typically an alkyl halide, to produce an alkene.
Alkyl halides are a type of organic compound in which one or more halogen atoms, such as chlorine or bromine, are substituted for hydrogen atoms on an alkane chain. The general formula for an alkyl halide is RX, where R is an alkane chain and X is a halogen.The dehydrohalogenation of an alkyl halide produces an alkene and a hydrogen halide, such as HCl or HBr. The reaction is catalyzed by a strong base, such as sodium ethoxide or potassium tert-butoxide. The mechanism of the reaction involves the removal of a proton from the alkyl halide by the base, followed by the elimination of the halide ion to produce an alkene.
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review the terms and their definition in the mini glossary. write a sentence that shows your understanding of one of the properties of metals.
Metals are ductile and malleable. Metals are efficient heat and wires. Metals could be treated but are lustrous (sparkly). Iron are solids when room temperature (except arsenic, which is fluid). Metals are resilient and powerful.
What does the term "metals " mean?Metal is a solid substance that is hard, lustrous, ductile, fusible, and ductile and carries heat and electricity. Materials that have a propensity to give electrons include metals. They have an electropositive makeup.
Why are metals so valuable?Metals are excellent building materials. Strength, hardness, and rigidity are just a few of the qualities that metals possess. Metals may be cooked and formed into anything, from a little paperclip to an enormous aircraft. They are important for generators in cooking utensils due to their outstanding thermal and electrical conductors.
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what is the purpose of hcl in the first step? group of answer choices to activate aniliine to deactivate aniline to disrupt the aromaticity of aniline to remove hydrogen from aniline to make aniline more nucleophilic
The purpose of HCl in the first step is to make aniline more nucleophilic. Option E is correct.
The purpose of HCl in the first step is to protonate the amino group of aniline, which makes it more reactive and therefore more nucleophilic. This protonation reaction also helps to activate aniline towards electrophilic substitution reactions, such as the nitration or acylation of aniline.
Nucleophilic refers to a species or atom that has a tendency to donate an electron pair to form a new covalent bond with an electron-deficient species, known as an electrophile. In other words, a nucleophile is an electron-rich species that is attracted to regions of positive charge or electron deficiency.
This type of reaction is known as nucleophilic substitution or addition reactions, and is an important class of chemical reactions in organic chemistry.
Hence, E. to make aniline more nucleophilic is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"What is the purpose of HCl in the first step? group of answer choices A) to activate aniliine B) to deactivate aniline C) to disrupt the aromaticity of aniline D) to remove hydrogen from aniline E) to make aniline more nucleophilic."--
A mixture of 90. 0grams of ch4 and 10. Ograms of argon has a pressure of 250 torr under the condition of constant temperature and pressure the partial pressure of ch4 is
The partial pressure of CH₄ in the mixture is 239 torr.
We can use the mole fraction of methane (CH4) to calculate its partial pressure in the mixture. First, we need to convert the masses of each component into moles:
moles of CH₄ = 90.0 g / 16.04 g/mol = 5.61 mol
moles of Ar = 10.0 g / 39.95 g/mol = 0.250 mol
Next, we can calculate the total moles of gas in the mixture,
total moles = moles of CH₄ + moles of Ar = 5.61 mol + 0.250 mol = 5.86 mol
Now we can calculate the mole fraction of CH₄,
mole fraction of CH₄ = moles of CH₄ / total moles = 5.61 mol / 5.86 mol = 0.957
Finally, we can use the mole fraction and total pressure to calculate the partial pressure of CH₄,
partial pressure of CH₄ = mole fraction of CH₄ x total pressure = 0.957 x 250 torr = 239 torr
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explain why, in a simple model, a bivalent material could be considered to be an insulator. also explain why this simple argument is not true.
In a simple model, a bivalent material could be considered to be an insulator because it contains a large number of electrons in its outermost shell that is tightly bound to the atomic nucleus.
These electrons are involved in covalent bonding with neighboring atoms, resulting in the formation of a lattice structure that does not allow the free flow of electrons through it. As a result, bivalent materials such as diamond, silicon, and germanium are poor conductors of electricity and can be considered insulators in this simple model.
However, this simple argument is not true because it does not take into account the concept of doping, which involves adding impurities to a pure semiconductor material to modify its electrical properties. By introducing impurities such as boron or phosphorus, the number of free electrons or "holes" in the semiconductor can be increased, resulting in a material that can conduct electricity.
This process is used extensively in the semiconductor industry to produce materials such as diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. Therefore, while bivalent materials can be considered insulators in a simple model, their properties can be modified through the process of doping and can conduct electricity under certain conditions.
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when millerite, an ore containing solid nis , is roasted in the presence of oxygen, sulfur dioxide gas and a solid oxide of nickel are produced. in the reaction, nickel does not change oxidation state.enter the balanced chemical equation for the metallurgical reaction. include physical states.
The balanced chemical equation for the metallurgical reaction when millerite, an ore containing solid NiS, is roasted in the presence of oxygen can be given as;
2NiS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2NiO(s) + 2SO2(g)
The physical states in this equation are: NiS (s), O2 (g), NiO (s), and SO2 (g).
Explanation:
Millerite is a nickel sulfide mineral that consists of nickel and sulfur. When millerite is roasted in the presence of oxygen, it forms nickel oxide (NiO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
The oxidation state of nickel doesn't change because it's only reacting with oxygen.
NiS(s) + O2(g) → NiO(s) + SO2(g)
The balanced chemical equation for the metallurgical reaction when millerite, an ore containing solid NiS, is roasted in the presence of oxygen can be given as;2NiS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2NiO(s) + 2SO2(g)
The physical states in this equation are
NiS (s), O2 (g), NiO (s), and SO2 (g).
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if 37.2 kj of energy is evolved when 100. g of glucose is fermented, what is the molar enthalpy of fermentation?
If 37.2 kJ of energy is evolved when 100g. So, the molar enthalpy of fermentation is 67 kJ/mol.
The molar enthalpy of fermentation can be calculated as follows:
From the equation, 1 mole of glucose yields 2 moles of ethanol and 2 moles of carbon dioxide. Thus, the balanced equation for this process is:
C₆H₁₂O₆ (aq) → 2C₂H₅OH(aq) + 2CO₂ (g)
From the given values, the mass of glucose that was fermented is 100 g. The molar mass of glucose is 180.16 g/mol. Thus, the number of moles of glucose can be calculated as follows:
moles of glucose = Mass of glucose / Molar mass of glucose
moles of glucose = 100 g / 180.16 g/mol
moles of glucose = 0.555 moles
The molar enthalpy of fermentation is defined as the amount of energy released per mole of fermented glucose. Thus, the molar enthalpy of fermentation can be calculated as follows:
Molar enthalpy = Energy released / moles of glucose
Molar enthalpy = 37.2 kJ / 0.555 mol
Molar enthalpy = 67 kJ/mol
Therefore, the molar enthalpy of fermentation is 67 kJ/mol.
Complete question:
The equation for the fermentation of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide is C6 H12 O6 (aq) 3,2CrN 5 OH(aq)+2CO 2 (g) If 37.2 kJ of energy is evolved when 100. g of glucose is fermented, what the molar enthalpy of fermentation?
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why is aluminium brass used to make door handles instead of pure copper ?
Brass Door Plates and door knobs have been used on doors for centuries. Solid Brass fixtures fell out of favour only during the last couple of decades of the 20th century, largely because of the need regularly polish the metal to maintain its shine. Manufacturers began to lacquer (or varnish) their brass products to maintain a bright yellow finish, and lacquer eventually began to be regarded as gaudy by some people. This led to Brass falling by the wayside in favour of ‘cleaner’ looking metals, such as stainless steel, aluminium, and polished chrome.Several scientific studies have recently been published which suggest that Brass handles, door plates, door knobs and handrails should be brought back into regular use in public buildings, to help combat bacteria and germs, amazingly including hospital superbugs such as E-coli and MRSA Copper is the predominant metal used in the mixing of Brass Alloy. This means that copper-based metals such as brass, can prevent bacteria from spreading, and even completely destroy germs and bacteria.Researchers found that plastic and stainless steel surfaces, which are now the most widely used surfaces in hospitals and public buildings, allow bacteria to survive and spread when people touch them. The especially nasty viruses Norovirus and C-Diff can survive for much longer. Norovirus can survive for several weeks, while in one study C-Diff was shown to survive for an incredible five months.Researchers found that copper-based alloy surfaces have the ability to destroy a wide range of microbes and bacteria relatively rapidly - often within two hours or less. Several studies found that if touch surfaces are made with copper-based alloys, the reduced transmission of disease-causing bacteria can reduce patient infections in hospitals by as much as 58%.Copper has even been shown to be very effective at exterminating the much-dreaded hospital ‘superbug’ MRSA. In tests sponsored by the Copper Development Association, a grouping of 100 million MSRA bacteria atrophied and died in a just 90 minutes, when placed on a copper surface at room temperature. The same study found that the same number of MSRA bacteria on both steel and aluminium surfaces actually increased over time. On looking at these figures, many scientists have concluded that the installation of copper-based fixtures such as taps, light switches, door handles, door knobs, pull handles, and push plates in areas such as hospitals could save thousands of lives each year.In research published in the journal Molecular Genetics of Bacteria Professor Keevil wrote: “There are a lot of bugs on our hands that we are spreading around by touching surfaces. In a public building or mass transport, surfaces cannot be cleaned for long periods of time… Until relatively recently brass was a relatively commonly used surface. On stainless steel surfaces these bacteria can survive for weeks, but on copper surfaces they die within minutes… We live in this new world of stainless steel and plastic, but perhaps we should go back to using brass more instead.”In addition to direct contact killing of bacteria and harmful microbes, amazingly Copper surfaces have been found to exude an antimicrobial 'halo' effect on surrounding non-copper surfaces. Research in the intensive care unit a Hospital in Greece found that other surfaces up to 50 centimetres from copper surfaces experienced 70% microbial reduction, compared to the same surfaces with no proximity to copper-based materials. The ‘Halo’ effect was also observed in trials at a U.S. clinic in 2010. This amazing effect demonstrates just how powerful copper is as a weapon against bacteria.Since this research has come to light, historians have pointed out that some ancient civilizations were aware of the antimicrobial properties of copper, thousands of years before the concept of microbes became understood by modern science. In addition to the use of copper medicinal preparations, ancient people observed that water stored in copper vessels was of better quality than water contained or transported in other materials, as no slime can form on copper surfaces. In addition, the healing power of copper was recognized by the Aztecs and the Ancient Egyptians to sterilize wounds, drinking water, and used the metal to treat skin conditions.Several scientific studies suggest that copper surfaces affect bacteria in two ways. The first step is a direct interaction between the surface and the bacteria’s outer membrane, causing this to rupture. The second step involves the holes in the outer membrane, through which the cell loses essential nutrients and waterWhen the cells main defense membrane is breached, a stream of copper ions can enter the cell. Copper literally overwhelms the inside of the cell and obstructs the cell metabolism. It binds to the cell’s enzymes, causing its essential activity to stop. After this process, the bacteria can no longer "breathe", "eat" or "digest" and is thus essentially dead.
if you wanted to go into the lab and emulate the buffer solution that exists in your blood which combination of compounds would you mix together to create your buffer? explain your choice.
A combination of sodium chloride and bicarbonate in a 1:1 ratio is the best choice for creating an approximate buffer solution that mimics the one found in the human bloodstream. This solution helps to maintain the ideal pH balance in the body and ensures optimal functioning.
The bicarbonate acts as a buffer by quickly neutralizing any acidity or alkalinity in the bloodstream, while the sodium chloride acts to further stabilize the pH levels. The buffer solution helps to maintain the optimal pH level of 7.4 in the bloodstream, and keeps the body functioning optimally.
It is important to note that the exact ratio of compounds in the buffer system will vary depending on the individual. For example, the ratio of NaCl to HCO3- may be slightly different from one person to the next. In addition, other compounds such as proteins, amino acids, and phosphates may also be present in small amounts.
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a substance is maintained at a pressure of 300 x 105 [n/m^2] (absolute). which answer best describes that pressure in customary us units?
To convert the pressure from SI units (Pascals) to customary US units, we can use the following conversion factors[tex]1 Pa = 1 N/m^21 atm = 101325 Pa1 psi = 6895 Pa[/tex]
First, let's convert the pressure from Pascals to atmospheres (atm):
1 atm = 101325 Pa
[tex]300 x 10^5 Pa / 101325 Pa/atm = 2.96 atm[/tex]
Now, we can convert the pressure from atmospheres to pounds per square inch (psi):
1 psi = 0.06895 atm
[tex]2.96 atm x 0.06895 psi/atm = 0.2045 psi[/tex]
Therefore, the pressure of 300 x 10^5 N/m^2 (absolute) is approximately 0.2045 psi in customary US units.
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Problem 11.9 Starting with acetyl chloride; what neutral nucleophile would you use to make each of the following compounds? Part € CH; Draw the molecule on the canvas by_ toolbars_
To make each of the following compounds starting with acetyl chloride, neutral nucleophiles to be used are:Compound Part € CH: To prepare this compound starting with acetyl chloride, neutral nucleophile, ethylamine (C2H5NH2) is used. Here's how you can prepare it.
neutral nucleophile to be used to prepare Compound Part € CH is C2H5NH2. You can prepare it by reacting acetyl chloride with ethylamine. The reaction of acetyl chloride with ethylamine produces CH3C(O)NHC2H5 by releasing
hydrogen chloride gas. Parts a, b, c: The compounds given in parts a, b, and c are carboxylic acids. To prepare these carboxylic acids starting with acetyl chloride, neutral nucleophiles to be used are NaOH, H2O, and CH3COOH,
respectively. Here's how you can prepare these compounds:Part a: CH3COCl + NaOH → CH3COONa + HClPart b: CH3COCl + H2O → CH3COOH + HClPart c: CH3COCl + CH3COOH → CH3COOCH3 + HCl
Thus, the neutral nucleophiles to be used to prepare Part a, b, and c are NaOH, H2O, and CH3COOH, respectively. You can prepare them by reacting acetyl chloride with NaOH, H2O, and CH3COOH, respectively. The reactions of acetyl chloride with NaOH, H2O, and CH3COOH produce CH3COONa, CH3COOH, and CH3COOCH3, respectively, by releasing hydrogen chloride gas.
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if necessary to take off from a slushy runway, the freezing of landing gear mechanisms can be minimized by:
If necessary to take off from a slushy runway, the freezing of landing gear mechanisms can be minimized by reducing the likelihood of the landing gear systems freezing when taking off from a slippery runway.
Landing gear freezing can be reduced if you need to take off from a slick runway by delaying gear withdrawal until you reach cruising altitude. The slush will slow you down, but it will also reduce your traction and increase the likelihood that a wheel may slip if you apply the brakes. If you are concerned about achieving this as you depart, take a taxi back in. Many pilots remove their aircraft wheel pants during the winter.
A slick runway may increase the likelihood of the landing gear systems freezing, jeopardising the flight's safety. If there is a crosswind, the pilot should begin the takeoff roll with full aileron pressure into the wind. For control, the pilot should maintain this stance.
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in the combustion analysis of 17.1 g of sugar (c12h 22o 11), what mass, in grams, of o 2 would be consumed?
In the combustion analysis of 17.1 g of sugar (C12H22O11), the mass of O2 consumed is equal to 8.55 g.
This is due to the fact that the balanced equation for the combustion of sugar is C12H22O11 + 12 O2 --> 12 CO2 + 11 H2O.
This means that for every one mole of sugar that is combusted, 12 moles of O2 are needed.
To calculate the mass of O2 consumed, the number of moles of sugar must first be calculated using the molar mass of sugar, which is 342.3 g/mol.
Therefore, 17.1 g of sugar is equal to 0.05 moles of sugar. Then, using the balanced equation, it can be seen that 0.05 moles of sugar require 0.6 moles of O2.
Finally, the mass of O2 consumed can be determined by multiplying the number of moles of O2 by the molar mass of O2, which is 32 g/mol.
Therefore, 0.6 moles of O2 is equal to 19.2 g, which is equivalent to 8.55 g of O2 consumed.
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